{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T12:28:27Z","timestamp":1775219307700,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Spanish Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PGC2018-101650-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGC2018-101650-B-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Canary Islands have strong floristic affinities with the Mediterranean Basin. One of the most characteristic and diverse vegetation belts of the archipelago is the thermophilous woodland (between 200 and 900 m.a.s.l.). This thermophilous plant community consists of many non-endemic species shared with the Mediterranean Floristic Region together with Canarian endemic species. Consequently, phytogeographic studies have historically proposed the hypothesis of an origin of the Canarian thermophilous species following the establishment of the summer-dry mediterranean climate in the Mediterranean Basin around 2.8 million years ago.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Time-calibrated phylogenies for 39 plant groups including Canarian thermophilous species were primarily analysed to infer colonization times. In particular, we used 26 previously published phylogenies together with 13 new time-calibrated phylogenies (including newly generated plastid and nuclear DNA sequence data) to assess whether the time interval between stem and crown ages of Canarian thermophilous lineages postdates 2.8 Ma. For lineages postdating this time threshold, we additionally conducted ancestral area reconstructions to infer the potential source area for colonization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 43 Canarian thermophilous lineages were identified from 39 plant groups. Both mediterranean (16) and pre-mediterranean (9) plant lineages were found. However, we failed to determine the temporal origin for 18 lineages because a stem\u2013crown time interval overlaps with the 2.8-Ma threshold. The spatial origin of thermophilous lineages was also heterogeneous, including ancestral areas from the Mediterranean Basin (nine) and other regions (six).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings reveal an unexpectedly heterogeneous origin of the Canarian thermophilous species in terms of colonization times and mainland source areas. A substantial proportion of the lineages arrived in the Canaries before the summer-dry climate was established in the Mediterranean Basin. The complex temporal and geographic origin of Canarian thermophilous species challenges the view of the Canary Islands (and Madeira) as a subregion within the Mediterranean Floristic Region.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcac160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T08:52:29Z","timestamp":1672735949000},"page":"667-684","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Time-calibrated phylogenies reveal mediterranean and pre-mediterranean origin of the thermophilous vegetation of the Canary Islands"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"131","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Mart\u00edn-Hernanz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Real Jard\u00edn Bot\u00e1nico de Madrid (RJB-CSIC) , 28014 Madrid , Spain"},{"name":"Departament of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla , 41012 Sevilla , Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5327-3104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Nogales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiolog\u00eda (IPNA-CSIC) , 38206 San Crist\u00f3bal de La Laguna , Tenerife, Canary Islands , Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4247-8785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naturalis Biodiversity Center , 2333 Leiden , The Netherlands"},{"name":"Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen , 9700 AB Groningen , The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Mazuecos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology (Botany), Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Pomeda-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Real Jard\u00edn Bot\u00e1nico de Madrid (RJB-CSIC) , 28014 Madrid , Spain"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Real Jard\u00edn Bot\u00e1nico de Madrid (RJB-CSIC) , 28014 Madrid , Spain"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Marrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Real Jard\u00edn Bot\u00e1nico de Madrid (RJB-CSIC) , 28014 Madrid , Spain"},{"name":"Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiolog\u00eda (IPNA-CSIC) , 38206 San Crist\u00f3bal de La Laguna , Tenerife, Canary Islands , Spain"}]},{"given":"Jens M","family":"Olesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus C , Denmark"}]},{"given":"Ruben","family":"Heleno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Functional Ecology, TERRA Associate Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra , 3000-456 Coimbra , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Real Jard\u00edn Bot\u00e1nico de Madrid (RJB-CSIC) , 28014 Madrid , Spain"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023042819053220300_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcaa090","article-title":"Reconstruction of the spatio-temporal and ecological patterns of dispersal and diversification of Helianthemum sect. 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