{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T03:24:00Z","timestamp":1775618640517,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The goal of this study is to understand the evolution of cognitive phenotypes in a clinical cohort of adult patients with relapsing\u2013remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) over time and to assess whether demographic and clinical features of MS have any effect on the progression of cognitive decline in MS.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>One hundred twenty-five patients with RRMS underwent annually neuropsychological assessment along 3 to 5 consecutive years with the brief repeatable battery of neuropsychological tests (BRBN-T) and the brief international cognitive multiple sclerosis (BICAMS). The international classification of cognitive disorders in multiple sclerosis (IC-CoDiMS) was used to define the cognitive phenotypes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In our cohort the mean age was 41.81\u00a0years and 88 patients (70.4%) were female. The prevalence of cognitive impairment decreased over the 3-year assessments, both in BRBN-T (29.6% vs. 25.0% vs. 18.5%) and BICAMS (33.6% vs. 30.4% vs. 19.2%). Longitudinal differences were observed for all the applied tests, except for verbal fluency, with the results pointing to an improvement in performance over time. At the first and the 3rd assessment, we observed four cognitive phenotypes: intact, uni-domain, bi-domain, and multidomain. At the 4th and 5th assessments, no patients presented multi-domain impairments. MS patients with optic neuritis (ON) as onset syndrome, showed the highest percentage of cognitive impairment on both BRBN-T and BICAMS.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study corroborates the importance of knowing the evolution of cognitive performance over time to better determine the best cognitive intervention programs in order to prevent cognitive decline and promote quality of life.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acaf004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T07:47:06Z","timestamp":1739864826000},"page":"909-922","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Longitudinal Study of Cognitive Phenotypes in Patients with Relapsing\u2013Remitting Multiple Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9070-9544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, ULS S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Porto, EPE, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro , 4200-319 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"University of Porto Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences , Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Unit Neuropsychology, ULS S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Porto, EPE, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro , 4200-319 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcia","family":"Fran\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Unit Neuropsychology, ULS S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Porto, EPE, Alameda Prof. Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro , 4200-319 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Jacques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Porto Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences , Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9","family":"S\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FP-I3ID, Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o, Inova\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento Fernando Pessoa; FCS-UFP, Faculty of Health Sciences, RISE-UFP, Rede de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade Fernando Pessoa , Pra\u00e7a 9 Abril 349, 4249-004 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Rui A","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Porto Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences , Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto,","place":["Portugal"]}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025072506522128500_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071058","article-title":"Modeling of cognitive impairment by disease duration in multiple sclerosis: A cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"Achiron","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025072506522128500_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458510380089","article-title":"Relevance of cognitive deterioration in early relapsing-remitting MS: A 3-year follow-up study","volume":"16","author":"Amato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025072506522128500_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.3880","article-title":"Anatomical wiring and functional networking changes in the visual system following optic neuritis","volume":"75","author":"Backner","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025072506522128500_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519898108","article-title":"Recovery of cognitive function after relapse in multiple sclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Benedict","year":"2021","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"2025072506522128500_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617717000959","article-title":"Neuropsychology of multiple sclerosis: Looking back and moving forward","volume":"23","author":"Benedict","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of International Neuropsychological Society"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025072506522128500_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1159\/000099158","article-title":"Selective decline in information processing in subgroups of multiple sclerosis: An 8-year longitudinal study","volume":"57","author":"Bergendal","year":"2007","journal-title":"European Neurology"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025072506522128500_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2891","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh602","article-title":"A longitudinal study of cognition in primary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"128","author":"Camp","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025072506522128500_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05356-2","article-title":"Cognitive trajectories in multiple sclerosis: A long-term follow-up study","volume":"43","author":"Carotenuto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurological Sciences."},{"issue":"12","key":"2025072506522128500_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70259-X","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Chiaravalloti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025072506522128500_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.4920","article-title":"Identifying the distinct cognitive phenotypes in multiple sclerosis","volume":"78","author":"De Meo","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025072506522128500_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458510362819","article-title":"Early cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis predicts disability outcome several years later","volume":"16","author":"Deloire","year":"2010","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2025072506522128500_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.10.007","article-title":"A 3-year longitudinal study of cognitive impairment in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis: Speed matters. Journal","volume":"267","author":"Denney","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"2025072506522128500_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-11-68","article-title":"Cognitive performance in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: A longitudinal study in daily practice using a brief computerized cognitive battery","volume":"11","author":"Edgar","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025072506522128500_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy202","article-title":"Predicting cognitive decline in multiple sclerosis: A 5-year follow-up study","volume":"141","author":"Eijlers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025072506522128500_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G_Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025072506522128500_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2024.2376295","article-title":"Assessment of phonemic verbal fluency in Portuguese patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"46","author":"Fran\u00e7a","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal Clinical Experimental Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2025072506522128500_ref17","volume-title":"Validac\u00e3o da vers\u00e3o Portuguesa da escala de impacto da fadiga modificada e da escala de severidade da fadiga na esclerose m\u00faltipla (validation of the Portuguese version of the modified fatigue impact scale and the fatigue severity scale in multiple sclerosis)","author":"Gomes","year":"2011"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"2025072506522128500_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585221127941","article-title":"A proposed new taxonomy of cognitive phenotypes in multiple sclerosis: The international classification of cognitive disorders in MS (IC-CoDiMS)","volume":"29","author":"Hancock","year":"2023","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)"},{"issue":"47","key":"2025072506522128500_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19066","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1110024108","article-title":"Increased functional connectivity indicated the severity of cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis","volume":"108","author":"Hawellek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceeding National Academic Sciences USA"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025072506522128500_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2019.1624260","article-title":"Cognitive functions and disability progression in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A longitudinal study","volume":"28","author":"Heled","year":"2021","journal-title":"Applied Neuropsychology Adult"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025072506522128500_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458509347150","article-title":"Validation of the hospital anxiety and depression scale for use with multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"15","author":"Honarmand","year":"2009","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2025072506522128500_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2005.07.018","article-title":"Cognitive impairment and decline in different MS subtypes","volume":"245","author":"Huijbregts","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal Neurological Sciences"},{"issue":"13","key":"2025072506522128500_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518803785","article-title":"Recommendations for cognitive screening and management in multiple sclerosis care","volume":"24","author":"Kalb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025072506522128500_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.33.11.1444","article-title":"Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: An expanded disability status scale (EDSS)","volume":"33","author":"Kurtzke","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025072506522128500_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511431076","article-title":"Recommendations for a brief international cognitive assessment for multiple sclerosis (BICAMS)","volume":"18","author":"Langdon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025072506522128500_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2015.08.005","article-title":"Quality of life and cognitive functions in early onset multiple sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Lanzillo","year":"2016","journal-title":"European Journal Pediatry Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025072506522128500_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2012-019","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the modified fatigue impact scale","volume":"15","author":"Larson","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of MS Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025072506522128500_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001245","article-title":"Cognitive performance of patients with multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis at presentation","volume":"42","author":"Leshno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal Neuroophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025072506522128500_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093715","article-title":"Brain activity changes in cognitive networks in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis\u2014insights from a longitudinal FMRI study","volume":"9","author":"Loitfelder","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025072506522128500_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458505ms1182oa","article-title":"The association between cognitive impairment and physical disability in multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Lynch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025072506522128500_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515599075","article-title":"Cognitive impairment at diagnosis predicts 10-year multiple sclerosis progression","volume":"22","author":"Moccia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025072506522128500_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-020-01045-3","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction in the early stages of multiple sclerosis\u2014how much and how important?","volume":"20","author":"Oset","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Neurology Neuroscience Report"},{"key":"2025072506522128500_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3193","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S184260","article-title":"The hospital anxiety and depression scale, in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Pais-Ribeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025072506522128500_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.7.878","article-title":"Longitudinal study of cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: Neuropsychological, neuroradiological, and neurophysiological findings","volume":"74","author":"Piras","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal Neurology Neurosurgery Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025072506522128500_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516665496","article-title":"Cognitive impairment predicts disability progression and cortical thinning in MS: An 8-year study","volume":"23","author":"Pitteri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis"},{"key":"2025072506522128500_ref36","volume-title":"A manual for the brief repeatable battery of neuropsychological tests in multiple sclerosis","author":"Rao","year":"1990"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025072506522128500_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517699875","article-title":"Functional network connectivity abnormalities in multiple sclerosis: Correlations with disability and cognitive impairment","volume":"24","author":"Rocca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025072506522128500_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516674367","article-title":"Age and disability drive cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis across disease subtypes","volume":"23","author":"Ruano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)"},{"issue":"16","key":"2025072506522128500_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31828cf82f","article-title":"Cognitive impairment differs between primary progressive and relapsing-remitting MS","volume":"80","author":"Ruet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"7 Supplement","key":"2025072506522128500_ref40","first-page":"S10.003","article-title":"Longitudinal observation of attentional and fronto-temporal cognitive functions in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS)\u20146 years follow-up (S10. 003)","volume":"80","author":"Schreiber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2025072506522128500_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.01.070","article-title":"Cognitive function in relapsing multiple sclerosis: Minimal changes in a 10-year clinical trial","volume":"255","author":"Schwid","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal Neurology Sciences"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2025072506522128500_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2011.03.042","article-title":"Depression and anxiety in a Portuguese MS population: Associations with physical disability and severity of disease","volume":"306","author":"Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"2025072506522128500_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2024.2348831","article-title":"Cognitive phenotypes in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis with different disease duration, applying the international classification of cognitive disorders in MS (IC-CoDiMS)","volume":"7","author":"Sousa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clinical Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025072506522128500_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-018-1175-4","article-title":"Validation of the brief international cognitive assessment for multiple sclerosis (BICAMS) in the Portuguese population with multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Sousa","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025072506522128500_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-021-02193-w","article-title":"Assessment of cognitive functions in patients with multiple sclerosis applying the normative values of the Rao\u2019s brief repeatable battery in the Portuguese population","volume":"21","author":"Sousa","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025072506522128500_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004977","article-title":"Cognition in multiple sclerosis: State of the field and priorities for the future","volume":"90","author":"Sumowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025072506522128500_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2","article-title":"Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria","volume":"17","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet. Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025072506522128500_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.70.6.773","article-title":"A longitudinal study of brain atrophy and cognitive disturbances in the early phase of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"70","author":"Zivadinov","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal Neurolology Neurosurgery Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/acn\/article-pdf\/40\/5\/909\/61938925\/acaf004.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/acn\/article-pdf\/40\/5\/909\/61938925\/acaf004.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T10:52:30Z","timestamp":1753440750000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/acn\/article\/40\/5\/909\/8020206"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acaf004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1873-5843"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1873-5843","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]}}}