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We measured color ornamentation of 60 common waxbills (Estrilda astrild) after capture from the wild and in 4 autumns in a large open-air mesocosm. We found longitudinal decreases in the size of the red mask and redness of plumage and bill color, consistent with senescence. Bill color decreased more in females. In males, there was a longitudinal increase in the size of the red breast patch. We also found increased color ornamentation, especially in females, when moving from the wild to the mesocosm, likely due to environmental effects. Monitoring waxbills in bird cages suggested that bill and plumage redness peak in the breeding season. Stronger senescence and environmental effects in females indicate cautious investment in ornamentation, while weaker senescence in males could be due to stronger sexual selection. Overall, although similarly ornamented, the sexes differ in their temporal investment in ornamentation, in line with their life histories.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arae100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T21:21:23Z","timestamp":1732742483000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Aging and environment affect female more than male color in a mutually ornamented bird"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2905-3248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cristina R","family":"Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, Universidade do Porto , 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vair\u00e3o , 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o 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