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Here, we demonstrate rapid adaptive shifts in both stress physiology and correlated boldness behaviors in a songbird, the dark-eyed junco, following its colonization of a novel urban environment. We compared elevation in corticosterone (CORT) in response to handling and flight initiation distances in birds from a recently established urban population in San Diego, California to birds from a nearby wildland population in the species' ancestral montane breeding range. We also measured CORT and exploratory behavior in birds raised from early life in a captive common garden study. We found persistent population differences for both reduced CORT responses and bolder exploratory behavior in birds from the colonist population, as well as significant negative covariation between maximum CORT and exploratory behavior. Although early developmental effects cannot be ruled out, these results suggest contemporary adaptive evolution of correlated hormonal and behavioral traits associated with colonization of an urban habitat.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/ars059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,5]],"date-time":"2012-05-05T10:23:49Z","timestamp":1336213429000},"page":"960-969","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":325,"title":["Boldness behavior and stress physiology in a novel urban environment suggest rapid correlated evolutionary adaptation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jonathan W.","family":"Atwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 E. 3rd Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA"}]},{"given":"Gon\u00e7alo C.","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, R. Padre Armando Quintas, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agr\u00e1rio de Vair\u00e3o, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Danielle J.","family":"Whittaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 E. 3rd Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA"},{"name":"BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, 1441 Biomedical and Physical Sciences, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Campbell-Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 E. 3rd Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA"}]},{"given":"Kyle W.","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 E. 3rd Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA"}]},{"given":"Ellen D.","family":"Ketterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 E. 3rd Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020110404210312500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-011-9432-9","article-title":"Polymorphisms in the extracellular region of dopamine receptor D4 within and among avian orders","volume":"72","author":"Abe","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Mol Evol"},{"key":"2020110404210312500_bib2","first-page":"1183","article-title":"How much do genetic covariances alter the rate of adaptation?","volume":"276","author":"Agrawal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"2020110404210312500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2011.02260.x","article-title":"What drives variation in the corticosterone stress response between subspecies? 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