{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T13:40:25Z","timestamp":1769521225768,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":181,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":40,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Despite striking successes in identifying novel biomarkers for improved patient stratification and predicting disease progression, numerous challenges remain in the effective integration and exploitation of multiomic data in biomedical applications beyond cancer, for which most bioinformatics strategies are developed and validated. That focus on cancer severely limits the effective development and advancement of algorithms in machine learning and artificial intelligence that do not suffer degraded out-of-domain performance. Generalizability and interpretability of models, however, are also required for robust insights that may translate into clinical practice. Work across different independent datasets is critical for establishing models robust towards unwanted variation in assays, protocols, and cohort populations. Disease-specific context like ethnicity, socioeconomic background, sex, lifestyle, disease phase, and tissue type also strongly affect molecular profiles. We here discuss atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) as a high-impact non-cancer use case for the challenges remaining in the development and application of the latest bioinformatics approaches to multiomics data integration. ASCVD remains the leading cause of death globally. Disease aetiology, progression, and therapy outcome depend on a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Integrating these diverse data types effectively remains a challenge but holds transformative potential for personalized medicine. Discovery and access to data of sufficient diversity and extent form key bottlenecks. We here compile a first comprehensive overview of key data sets in ASCVD to complement the established cancer-focused resources as a foundation for future effective development and application of state-of-the-art bioinformatics tools for multiomic data integration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbaf526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:52:50Z","timestamp":1760107970000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Bottlenecks in advancing and applying multiomic data integration\u2014common data resources as rate-limiting drivers\u2014the high-impact use case of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6315-7177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Bezzina Wettinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta , Msida, MSD2080 ,","place":["Malta"]},{"name":"Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta , Msida, MSD2080 ,","place":["Malta"]}]},{"given":"Kanita","family":"Karaduzovic-Hadziabdic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International University of Sarajevo , Hrasnicka cesta 15, 71210, Ilidza, Sarajevo ,","place":["Bosnia and Herzegovina"]}]},{"given":"Ritienne","family":"Attard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta , Msida, MSD2080 ,","place":["Malta"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7038-2874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosienne","family":"Farrugia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta , Msida, MSD2080 ,","place":["Malta"]},{"name":"Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta , Msida, MSD2080 ,","place":["Malta"]}]},{"given":"Brooke N","family":"Wolford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Mauritz Hanssens gate 2, Trondheim ,","place":["Norway"]}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Chierici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Science for Health, Fondazione Bruno Kessler , via Sommarive 18, 38123 Trento ,","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Jurman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Science for Health, Fondazione Bruno Kessler , via Sommarive 18, 38123 Trento ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University , via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072, Pieve Emanuele (MI) ,","place":["Italy"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3437-7482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Alexiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta , Msida, MSD2080 ,","place":["Malta"]}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 L","family":"Pe\u00f1alvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health , calle Melchor Fern\u00e1ndez Almagro 5, 28029 Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7539-488X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael S","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Campus da Caparica , 2829-516 Caparica ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Bas\u00edlio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna , W\u00e4hringer G\u00fcrtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna ,","place":["Austria"]},{"name":"INESC ID, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa , R. Alves Redol 9, 1000-029 Lisbon ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Franti\u0161ek","family":"Sabov\u010dik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven , Edward van Evenstraat 3, 3000 Leuven ,","place":["Belgium"]}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Vitorino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"RISE-Health , Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, , 4200-319 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"University of Porto , Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, , 4200-319 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Johannes A","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna , Schwarzspanierstra\u00dfe 17, Physiology Building, A-1090 Vienna ,","place":["Austria"]}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Shigdel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen , Alrek helseklynge, blokk D, \u00c5rstadveien 175009 Bergen ,","place":["Norway"]}]},{"given":"Baiba","family":"Vilne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Group, Riga Stradins University , 16 Dzirciema Street, LV-1007, Riga ,","place":["Latvia"]}]},{"given":"Artemis G","family":"Hatzigeorgiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly , Papasiopoulou 2-4, 35131 Galaneika \u2013 Lamia, Greece and Hellenic Pasteur Institute Vas. Sofias Av 127, 115 21 ,","place":["Greece"]}]},{"given":"Miron","family":"Sopic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade , Vojvode Stepe 450, 11 000 Belgrade ,","place":["Serbia"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5321-8543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvan","family":"Devaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health , 1A-B rue Edison L-1445 Strassen ,","place":["Luxembourg"]}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Magni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences \u2018Rodolfo Paoletti\u2019, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano , via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"IRCCS MultiMedica , via Milanese 300, 20099 Sesto San Giovanni, Milan 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