{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T17:15:55Z","timestamp":1777655755792,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]],"date-time":"2020-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008382","name":"Fundo Regional para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECINST\/00014\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECINST\/00014\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008382","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sea-level rise, a consequence of climate change, is progressively affecting coastal areas around the globe. In turn, protected areas are keystones for protecting coastal biodiversity and the ecosystems services ensuring sustainable livelihoods. Effective management and adaptation plans are needed to maintain ecological function and integrity. In the present article, we used a coastal digital elevation model to simulate inundation surfaces and a prioritization index for ranking management interventions in 278 coastal protected areas from 27 African countries. Of these, 15 areas and eight countries demonstrated a high need for proactive management actions because of high levels of biodiversity, international conservation relevance, and exposure to sea-level rise. From the array of management actions available, tailored solutions are being implemented according to the morphology and location of the areas. Concerted action by international, government, and local partners is required for successful protection of the areas, including implementation of adaptive plans and monitoring progress schemes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biaa087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]],"date-time":"2020-07-21T03:51:15Z","timestamp":1595303475000},"page":"924-932","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Coping with Sea-Level Rise in African Protected Areas: Priorities for Action and Adaptation Measures"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5444-8132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 C","family":"Brito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center on Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marisa","family":"Naia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib1","volume-title":"Le Littoral Tunisien: Chiffres-Cl\u00e9s","author":"[APAL] L'Agence de Protection et d'Am\u00e9nagement du Littoral","year":"2015"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib2","article-title":"Coastal Adaptation Strategies Handbook","author":"Beavers","year":"2016"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib3","first-page":"68","article-title":"The uncertain future of the coasts","volume-title":"World Ocean Review 2010: Living with the Oceans","author":"Bollmann","year":"2010"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib4","article-title":"Comparative Assessment of the Vulnerability and Resilience of Deltas: Extended Version with 14 Deltas: Synthesis Report","author":"Bucx"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-409548-9.11794-4","article-title":"Desert Biodiversity: World's Hot Spots\/Globally Outstanding Biodiverse Deserts","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of the World's Biomes","author":"Brito","year":"2020"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1177\/0739456X16647161","article-title":"Low-regrets incrementalism: Land use planning adaptation to accelerating sea level rise in Florida's coastal communities","volume":"36","author":"Butler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Planning Education and Research"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib7","article-title":"A User-Friendly Guide to South Africa's Integrated Coastal Management Act. Department of Environmental Affairs","author":"Celliers"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib8","volume-title":"Gridded Population of the World","author":"[CIESIN] Center for International Earth Science Information Network","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198785576.001.0001","volume-title":"Dull Disasters? How Planning Ahead Will Make a Difference","author":"Clarke","year":"2016"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5946","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1616007114","article-title":"Reassessment of 20th century global mean sea level rise","volume":"114","author":"Dangendorf","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/bix014","article-title":". An ecoregion-based approach to protecting half the terrestrial realm","volume":"67","author":"Dinerstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib12","article-title":"Assessing and Adapting to Climate-Change Induced Sealevel rise on the Southern Coastline of The Gambia","author":"Drammeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"United Nations"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib13","author":"[EADP] Environmental Affairs and Development Planning","year":"2016"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2016.12.014","article-title":"Threatened protection: Sea level rise and coastal protected lands of the Eastern United States","volume":"137","author":"Epanchin-Niell","journal-title":"Ocean and Coastal Management"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12944","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1813233115","article-title":"Altimeter-era emergence of the patterns of forced sea-level rise in climate models and implications for the future","volume":"115","author":"Fasullo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib16","volume-title":"Impacts des Modifications R\u00e9centes des Conditions Climatiques et Oc\u00e9anographiques dans l'estuaire du Saloum et ses R\u00e9gions de Bordures (S\u00e9n\u00e9gal)","author":"Faye","year":"2016"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9134","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1620319114","article-title":"Landowner behavior can determine the success of conservation strategies for ecosystem migration under sea-level rise","volume":"114","author":"Field","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6247","DOI":"10.3390\/su11226247","article-title":"Changes in land cover in Cacheu River Mangroves Natural Park, Guinea-Bissau: The need for a more sustainable management","volume":"11","author":"Garc\u00eda del Toro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustainabilily"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib19","first-page":"175","article-title":"Global warming of 1.5\u00b0C","volume-title":"An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5","author":"[IPCC] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib20","volume-title":"The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA)","author":"[IUCN, UNEP-WCMC] International Union for Conservation of Nature, United Nations Environmental Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre","year":"2020"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2602","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1302251110","article-title":"Global patterns of terrestrial vertebrate diversity and conservation","volume":"110","author":"Jenkins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib22","article-title":"Climate Change Impacts in Urban Areas of Mozambique a Pilot Initiative in Maputo City: A Preliminary Assessment and Proposed Implementation Strategy Report","author":"Junior","year":"2009","journal-title":"United Nations"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib23","volume-title":"Towards Implementing Integrated Coastal Zone Management in The Gambia: Coastal Adaptation to Climate Change and Human Impacts in the High Risk Zone","author":"Komma","year":"2019"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.12.026","article-title":"CoastalDEM: A global coastal digital elevation model improved from SRTM using a neural network","volume":"206","author":"Kulp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sensing of Environment"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4844","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12808-z","article-title":"New elevation data triple estimates of global vulnerability to sea-level rise and coastal flooding","volume":"10","author":"Kulp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse8010042","article-title":"The sensitivity of a dike-marsh system to sea-level rise: A model-based exploration","volume":"8","author":"Marijnissen","journal-title":"Journal of Marine Science and Engineering"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib27","volume-title":"Seconde Communication Nationale de la Tunisie \u00e0 la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques","author":"[MEET] Minist\u00e8re de l'Equipement et de l'Environnement de Tunisie","year":"2013"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1500515113","article-title":"Future sea level rise constrained by observations and long-term commitment","volume":"113","author":"Mengel","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib29","article-title":"Agendas 2063 and 2030: Is Africa on Track?","author":"Mo Ibrahim Foundation","year":"2019"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib30","article-title":"Plan de Gestion de la R\u00e9serve Naturelle de R\u00e9ghaia en Alg\u00e9rie","author":"Mouloud","year":"2015"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib31","article-title":"A Guide on Adaptation Options for Local Decision-Makers: Guidance for Decision Making to Cope with Coastal Changes in West Africa","author":"Niang","journal-title":"UNESCO and International Oceanographic Commission"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib32","first-page":"1199","article-title":"Africa","volume-title":"Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, part B: Regional Aspects","author":"Niang"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20160448","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2016.0448","article-title":". Stabilization of global temperature at 1.5\u00b0C and 2.0\u00b0C: Implications for coastal areas","volume":"376","author":"Nicholls","year":"2018","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaai9214","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aai9214","article-title":". Biodiversity redistribution under climate change: Impacts on ecosystems and human well-being","volume":"355","author":"Pecl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2005)055[0887:ATEIOB]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Assessing the environmental impacts of beach nourishment","volume":"55","author":"Peterson","year":"2005","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib36","article-title":"Ramsar Sites Information Service","author":"Ramsar Convention","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ramsar Convention"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib37","volume-title":"Sebkhet Halk Elmanzel et Oued Essed","author":"Ramsar Sites Information Service","year":"2012"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib38","article-title":"Evaluation de la Vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 du Secteur de la Zone C\u00f4ti\u00e8re \u00e0 la Variabilit\u00e9 et aux Changements Climatiques dans la R\u00e9gion de Fatick","author":"Sadio"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2011.05.032","article-title":"The influence of natural and anthropogenic factors on mangrove dynamics over 60 years: The Somone estuary, Senegal. Estuarine","volume":"94","author":"Sakhoa","journal-title":"Coastal and Shelf"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib40","article-title":"Coastal Adaptation Strategies: Case Studies","author":"Schupp","year":"2015","journal-title":"National Park Service"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13508","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1511186112","article-title":"Carbon choices determine US cities committed to futures below sea level","volume":"112","author":"Strauss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biz027","article-title":". The invisible flood: The chemistry, ecology, and social implications of coastal saltwater intrusion","volume":"69","author":"Tully","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib43","volume-title":"Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment for Namibia's Biodiversity and Protected Area System","author":"Turpie"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18356\/838f78fd-en","article-title":"Human Development Report 2019","author":"[UNDP] United Nations Development Programme","year":"2019"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib45","article-title":"Protected Planet Report 2018","author":"[UNEP-WCMC, IUCN, NGS] United Nations Environmental Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, International Union for Conservation of Nature, and National Geographic Society","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib46","volume-title":"World Heritage List","author":"UNESCO","year":"2020"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib47","article-title":"Biosphere Reserves: Africa","author":"UNESCO","year":"2020"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib48","article-title":"Framework Convention on Climate Change","author":"[UNFCCC] United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change","year":"2008"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12144","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1221370110","article-title":"Targeting global conservation funding to limit immediate biodiversity declines","volume":"110","author":"Waldron","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib50","first-page":"25","article-title":". Trends in flood risk management in deltas around the world: Are we going \u2018soft\u2019?","volume":"4","author":"Wesselinka","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Water Governance"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib51","article-title":"Monitoring and Evaluating Adaptation Interventions in Niumi National Park, The Gambia, and Sangomar Marine Protected Area, Senegal","author":"Wicander"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib52","first-page":"361","article-title":"Coastal systems and low-lying areas","volume-title":"Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects","author":"Wong"},{"key":"2020101622444328100_bib53","volume-title":"Coastal and Marine Ecosystems in a Changing Climate: The Case of Tanzania","author":"Yanda","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["BioScience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bioscience\/article-pdf\/70\/10\/924\/33894667\/biaa087.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bioscience\/article-pdf\/70\/10\/924\/33894667\/biaa087.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T16:26:32Z","timestamp":1667492792000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bioscience\/article\/70\/10\/924\/5903129"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biosci\/biaa087","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-3568","1525-3244"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-3568","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-3244","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]]}}}