{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T19:12:13Z","timestamp":1758049933853,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]],"date-time":"2012-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335830400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]],"date-time":"2012-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335830400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,4]],"date-time":"2017-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2043,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bjanaesthesia.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British Journal of Anaesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,23]],"date-time":"2012-02-23T21:28:09Z","timestamp":1330032489000},"page":"807-814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Apoptotic neurodegeneration and spatial memory are not affected by sedative and anaesthetics doses of ketamine\/medetomidine combinations in adult mice"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"P.O.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A.M.","family":"Valentim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"P.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"I.A.","family":"Olsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"L.M.","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066610393442","article-title":"Analgesia and sedation in the intensive care of burn patients: results of a European survey","volume":"26","author":"Trupkovic","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181e9092d","article-title":"Ketamine for managing perioperative pain in opioid-dependent patients with chronic pain: a unique indication?","volume":"113","author":"Angst","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeq041","article-title":"Adding ketamine to morphine for intravenous patient-controlled analgesia for acute postoperative pain: a qualitative review of randomized trials","volume":"104","author":"Carstensen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib4","first-page":"88","article-title":"Ketalar anesthesia in the first-aid stage with the victims of severe injury and traumatic shock","volume":"132","author":"Kuznetsova","year":"1984","journal-title":"Vestn Khir Im I I Grek"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181fa3241","article-title":"Anesthetic practice in Haiti after the 2010 earthquake","volume":"111","author":"Rice","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197405000-00012","article-title":"A comparative evaluation of ketamine anesthesia in children and adults","volume":"40","author":"Sussman","year":"1974","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/55.4.297","article-title":"Psychomimetic reactions after low-dose ketamine infusion. Comparison with neuroleptanaesthesia","volume":"55","author":"Klausen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(91)90571-I","article-title":"Ketamine-induced hyperlocomotion associated with alteration of presynaptic components of dopamine neurons in the nucleus accumbens of mice","volume":"40","author":"Irifune","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib9","first-page":"89","article-title":"Use of dexmedetomidine and ketamine infusions during scoliosis repair surgery with somatosensory and motor-evoked potential monitoring: a case report","volume":"79","author":"Brennen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am Assoc Nurse Anesth J"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03018650","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine and low-dose ketamine provide adequate sedation for awake fibreoptic intubation","volume":"50","author":"Scher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/laban0205-48","article-title":"Ketamine-medetomidine anesthesia with atipamezole reversal: practical anesthesia for rodents under field conditions","volume":"34","author":"Hahn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lab Anim (NY)"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib12","first-page":"424","article-title":"Comparison of the clinical utility of medetomidine\/ketamine and xylazine\/ketamine combinations for the ovariectomy of cats","volume":"127","author":"Verstegen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199505000-00005","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine premedication attenuates ketamine-induced cardiostimulatory effects and postanesthetic delirium","volume":"82","author":"Levanen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(91)90535-X","article-title":"Central alpha 2-adrenoceptors are highly stereoselective for dexmedetomidine, the dextro enantiomer of medetomidine","volume":"195","author":"Savola","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2010.00591.x","article-title":"Evaluation of medetomidine-ketamine and dexmedetomidine-ketamine in Chinese water deer (Hydropotes inermis)","volume":"38","author":"Bouts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200003000-00035","article-title":"Sedative, amnestic, and analgesic properties of small-dose dexmedetomidine infusions","volume":"90","author":"Hall","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/73.6.758","article-title":"Oral clonidine premedication attenuates the hypertensive response to ketamine","volume":"73","author":"Tanaka","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199809000-00005","article-title":"Reversal of the sedative and sympatholytic effects of dexmedetomidine with a specific alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist atipamezole: a pharmacodynamic and kinetic study in healthy volunteers","volume":"89","author":"Scheinin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1990.tb00742.x","article-title":"Reversal of medetomidine sedation by atipamezole in dogs","volume":"13","author":"Vainio","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-2987.2001.00059.x","article-title":"Evaluation of auditory evoked potentials to predict depth of anaesthesia during fentanyl\/fluanisone\u2013midazolam anaesthesia in rats","volume":"28","author":"Antunes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib21","first-page":"16","article-title":"The effects of depth of isoflurane anesthesia on the performance of mice in a simple spatial learning task","volume":"47","author":"Valentim","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci"},{"year":"2007","series-title":"What's Wrong with My Mouse? Behavioral Phenotyping of Transgenic and Knockout Mice","author":"Crawley","key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib22"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/10915810701225190","article-title":"Coordination deficits induced in young adult mice treated with methylmercury","volume":"26","author":"Bellum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Toxicol"},{"year":"2001","series-title":"The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates","author":"Paxinos","key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib24"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181f79c7c","article-title":"Lower isoflurane concentration affects spatial learning and neurodegeneration in adult mice compared with higher concentrations","volume":"113","author":"Valentim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5577-06.2007","article-title":"Cathepsin D deficiency induces persistent neurodegeneration in the absence of Bax-dependent apoptosis","volume":"27","author":"Shacka","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7994","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-21-07994.2000","article-title":"Apoptosis has a prolonged role in the neurodegeneration after hypoxic ischemia in the newborn rat","volume":"20","author":"Nakajima","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198610000-00008","article-title":"Noninvasive evaluation of breathing pattern and thoraco-abdominal motion following the infusion of ketamine or droperidol in humans","volume":"65","author":"Morel","year":"1986","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1993.tb00313.x","article-title":"Reduced turnover of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in discrete dopaminergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic rat brain areas after acutely administered medetomidine, a selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist","volume":"72","author":"Koulu","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib30","first-page":"383","article-title":"Environmental agents that have the potential to trigger massive apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain","volume":"108","author":"Olney","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706301","article-title":"Potential of ketamine and midazolam, individually or in combination, to induce apoptotic neurodegeneration in the infant mouse brain","volume":"146","author":"Young","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0572-3","article-title":"Acute and chronic effects of ketamine upon human memory: a review","volume":"188","author":"Morgan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.03.015","article-title":"Pre-training administration of anesthetic ketamine differentially affects rats\u2019 spatial and non-spatial recognition memory","volume":"57","author":"Pitsikas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2009.03.013","article-title":"Disruptions in spatial working memory, but not short-term memory, induced by repeated ketamine exposure","volume":"33","author":"Enomoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-1047(92)90327-Z","article-title":"Effects of medetomidine, an alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist, and atipamezole, an alpha-2 antagonist, on spatial memory performance in adult and aged rats","volume":"58","author":"Carlson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Behav Neural Biol"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(00)00409-X","article-title":"Behavioral effects of the alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, atipamezole, after focal cerebral ischemia in rats","volume":"400","author":"Jolkkonen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(01)02079-0","article-title":"A comparative evaluation of the neurotoxic properties of ketamine and nitrous oxide","volume":"895","author":"Jevtovic-Todorovic","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.08.009","article-title":"Ketamine exposure in adult mice leads to increased cell death in C3H, DBA2 and FVB inbred mouse strains","volume":"92","author":"Majewski-Tiedeken","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1994.tb00303.x","article-title":"Brain insults in rats induce increased expression of the BDNF gene through differential use of multiple promoters","volume":"6","author":"Kokaia","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2007.07.027","article-title":"Acute administration of ketamine induces antidepressant-like effects in the forced swimming test and increases BDNF levels in the rat hippocampus","volume":"32","author":"Garcia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1093\/bja\/aes003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-006-8762-3","article-title":"General anesthesia activates BDNF-dependent neuroapoptosis in the developing rat brain","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Apoptosis"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Anaesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0007091217322304?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0007091217322304?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bja\/article-pdf\/108\/5\/807\/10270303\/aes003.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T18:37:57Z","timestamp":1757788677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0007091217322304"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007091217322304"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bja\/aes003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-0912"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0007-0912"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Apoptotic neurodegeneration and spatial memory are not affected by sedative and anaesthetics doses of ketamine\/medetomidine combinations in adult mice","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"British Journal of Anaesthesia","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bja\/aes003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2012 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}