{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T07:09:37Z","timestamp":1789888177640,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"University of Chicago Press","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,1]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/bjps\/axi147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,8]],"date-time":"2005-11-08T21:47:58Z","timestamp":1131486478000},"page":"843-887","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":440,"title":["Causes and Explanations: A Structural-Model Approach. Part I: Causes"],"prefix":"10.1086","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Joseph Y.","family":"Halpern","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judea","family":"Pearl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"200","reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"54","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI '94)","author":"Balke A."},{"key":"B2","first-page":"93","author":"Chockler H.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of A.I. Research"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.2307\/2678391","author":"Collins J.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Philosophy, XCVII (4)"},{"key":"B4","volume-title":"(eds.) [2004]: Causation and Counterfactuals","author":"Collins J."},{"issue":"1","key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-3702(02)00271-0","volume":"142","author":"Eiter T.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-3702(97)00047-7","volume":"97","author":"Galles D.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"6","key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.2307\/1913851","volume":"40","author":"Goldberger A. S.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/00949659308811517","volume":"47","author":"Good I.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.2307\/2678390","author":"Hall N.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Philosophy, XCVII (4)"},{"key":"B10","volume-title":"Causation and Counterfactuals","author":"Hall N."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.648","volume":"12","author":"Halpern J. Y.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research"},{"key":"B13","first-page":"202","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI","author":"Halpern J. Y.","year":"2001"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjps\/axi148"},{"key":"B15","volume-title":"[1985]: Causation in the Law","author":"Hart H. L. A."},{"key":"B16","first-page":"405","volume":"3","author":"Heckerman D.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of A.I. Research"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00413843","volume":"107","author":"Hitchcock C.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2307\/2678432","author":"Hitchcock C.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Philosophy, XCVIII (6)"},{"key":"B19","volume-title":"Cause and Chance: Causation in an Indeterministic World","author":"Hitchcock C."},{"key":"B21","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Logical Formalizations of Commonsense Reasoning, Menlo Park, CA: AAAI Press","author":"Hopkins M."},{"key":"B22","volume-title":"A Treatise of Human Nature","author":"Hume D."},{"key":"B23","volume-title":"Reprinted in 1958, LaSalle","author":"Hume D."},{"key":"B24","first-page":"60","volume-title":"LX14","author":"Kvart I."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.2307\/2025310","volume":"70","author":"Lewis D.","year":"1973","journal-title":"Journal of Philosophy"},{"key":"B26","first-page":"213","volume-title":"Philosophical Papers","author":"Lewis D."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.2307\/2678389","author":"Lewis D.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Philosophy, XCVII (4)"},{"key":"B28","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI '95)","author":"Lin F."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1093\/bjps\/46.4.523","volume":"40","author":"McDermott M.","year":"1995","journal-title":"British Journal for the Philosophy of Science"},{"key":"B30","first-page":"86","volume-title":"Machine Intelligence 15","author":"Michie D."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1093\/analys\/58.3.191","volume":"3","author":"Paul L.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Analysis"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.2307\/2678392","author":"Paul L.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Philosophy, XCVII (4)"},{"key":"B33","volume-title":"Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems","author":"Pearl J."},{"issue":"4","key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/82.4.669","volume":"82","author":"Pearl J.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"B35","unstructured":"Pearl, J. [1998]: On the Definition of Actual Cause. Technical Report R-259, Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","volume-title":"Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference","author":"Pearl J.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511803161"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","volume-title":"Knowledge in Action: Logical Foundations for Specifying and Implementing Dynamical Systems","author":"Reiter R.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/4074.001.0001"},{"key":"B38","volume-title":"Features and Fluents","volume":"1","author":"Sandewall E."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2307\/2678388","author":"Schaffer J.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Philosophy, XCVII (4)"},{"key":"B40","volume-title":"(eds.) [1993]: Causation. Oxford Readings in Philosophy","author":"Sosa E."},{"key":"B41","volume-title":"[1993]: Causation, Prediction, and Search","author":"Spirtes P."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018912507879","volume":"28","author":"Tian J.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"B43","first-page":"1001","volume":"73","author":"Wright R.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Iowa Law Review"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.2307\/3655640","author":"Yablo S.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Philosophy, XCIX (4)"}],"container-title":["The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journals.uchicago.edu\/doi\/pdf\/10.1093\/bjps\/axi147","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]],"date-time":"2020-12-09T14:05:29Z","timestamp":1607522729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journals.uchicago.edu\/doi\/10.1093\/bjps\/axi147"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1093\/bjps\/axi147"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bjps\/axi147","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-0882","1464-3537"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-0882","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-3537","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,1]]}}}