{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:36:38Z","timestamp":1777379798537,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/doc\/open-government-licence\/version\/3\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Reports of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS) have emerged during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This epidemiological and cohort study sought to investigate any causative association between COVID-19 infection and GBS. The epidemiology of GBS cases reported to the UK National Immunoglobulin Database was studied from 2016 to 2019 and compared to cases reported during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were stratified by hospital trust and region, with numbers of reported cases per month. UK population data for COVID-19 infection were collated from UK public health bodies. In parallel, but separately, members of the British Peripheral Nerve Society prospectively reported incident cases of GBS during the pandemic at their hospitals to a central register. The clinical features, investigation findings and outcomes of COVID-19 (definite or probable) and non-COVID-19 associated GBS cases in this cohort were compared. The incidence of GBS treated in UK hospitals from 2016 to 2019 was 1.65\u20131.88 per 100\u2009000 individuals per year. GBS incidence fell between March and May 2020 compared to the same months of 2016\u201319. GBS and COVID-19 incidences during the pandemic also varied between regions and did not correlate with one another (r\u2009=\u20090.06, 95% confidence interval: \u22120.56 to 0.63, P\u2009=\u20090.86). In the independent cohort study, 47 GBS cases were reported (COVID-19 status: 13 definite, 12 probable, 22 non-COVID-19). There were no significant differences in the pattern of weakness, time to nadir, neurophysiology, CSF findings or outcome between these groups. Intubation was more frequent in the COVID-19 affected cohort (7\/13, 54% versus 5\/22, 23% in COVID-19-negative) attributed to COVID-19 pulmonary involvement. Although it is not possible to entirely rule out the possibility of a link, this study finds no epidemiological or phenotypic clues of SARS-CoV-2 being causative of GBS. GBS incidence has fallen during the pandemic, which may be the influence of lockdown measures reducing transmission of GBS inducing pathogens such as Campylobacter jejuni and respiratory viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]],"date-time":"2020-11-27T07:21:58Z","timestamp":1606461718000},"page":"682-693","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":260,"title":["Epidemiological and cohort study finds no association between COVID-19 and Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"144","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2102-6053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Keddie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, UK"},{"name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Pakpoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford School of Public Health, Oxford, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8627-0033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Mousele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Menelaos","family":"Pipis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, UK"},{"name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8411-7972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro M","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, UK"},{"name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Christopher J","family":"Record","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St George\u2019s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6434-9496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan Y S","family":"Keh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK"}]},{"given":"Janev","family":"Fehmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}]},{"given":"Ross W","family":"Paterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"},{"name":"Darent Valley Hospital, Dartford, UK"}]},{"given":"Viraj","family":"Bharambe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Walton Centre National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK"}]},{"given":"Lisa M","family":"Clayton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole, UK"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basildon and Thurrock University Hospital Trust, Basildon, UK"}]},{"given":"Jasmine","family":"Wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK"}]},{"given":"Annamaria","family":"Kiss-Csenki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hampshire, UK"}]},{"given":"Devi Priya","family":"Rathnasabapathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Geraldes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Wexham Park Hospital, Frimley Health Foundation Trust, Berkshire, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7002-5057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatyana","family":"Yermakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"King-Robson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kings College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Zosmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Sanjeev","family":"Rajakulendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"},{"name":"North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Sheetal","family":"Sumaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Simon F","family":"Farmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Ross","family":"Nortley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"},{"name":"Wexham Park Hospital, Frimley Health Foundation Trust, Berkshire, UK"}]},{"given":"Charles R","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Edward J","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK"}]},{"given":"Niranjanan","family":"Nirmalananthan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St George\u2019s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Guru","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Darent Valley Hospital, Dartford, UK"}]},{"given":"Ashwin A","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Holt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Walton Centre National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK"}]},{"given":"Tim M","family":"Lavin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Salford Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK"}]},{"given":"Kathryn M","family":"Brennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9612-9401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael S","family":"Zandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Dipa L","family":"Jayaseelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"},{"name":"West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford, UK"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Pritchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College Healthcare NHS trust, London, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9702-0256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert D M","family":"Hadden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kings College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Hadi","family":"Manji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London, UK"},{"name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Hugh J","family":"Willison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Rinaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}]},{"given":"Aisling S","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College 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