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However, the barrier properties of the skin, along with its multilayer structure, impose severe restrictions on drug transport and bioavailability. Thus, bioengineered models aimed at emulating the skin have been developed not only for optimizing the transdermal transport of different drugs and testing the safety and toxicity of substances but also for understanding the biological processes behind skin wounds. Even though in vivo research is often preferred to study biological processes involving the skin, in vitro and ex vivo strategies have been gaining increasing relevance in recent years. Indeed, there is a noticeably increasing adoption of in vitro and ex vivo methods by internationally accepted guidelines. Furthermore, microfluidic organ-on-a-chip devices are nowadays emerging as valuable tools for functional and behavioural skin emulation. Challenges in miniaturization, automation and reliability still need to be addressed in order to create skin models that can predict skin behaviour in a robust, high-throughput manner, while being compliant with regulatory issues, standards and guidelines. In this review, skin models for transdermal transport, wound repair and cutaneous toxicity will be discussed with a focus on high-throughput strategies. Novel microfluidic strategies driven by advancements in microfabrication technologies will also be revised as a way to improve the efficiency of existing models, both in terms of complexity and throughput.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkad014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T23:36:07Z","timestamp":1690587367000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Skin models of cutaneous toxicity, transdermal transport and wound repair"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Vilela de Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S - Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto , Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393 Porto , Portugal"},{"name":"INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto , Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS \u2013 Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto , Portugal"},{"name":"FEUP \u2013 Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto , Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Miguel J S","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S - Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto , Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393 Porto , Portugal"},{"name":"INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto , Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS \u2013 Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto , Portugal"},{"name":"FEUP \u2013 Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto , Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto , Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering & Henry Royce Institute, Engineering Building A, The University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL , UK"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds B","family":"Bebiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S - Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto , Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393 Porto , Portugal"},{"name":"INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto , Portugal"},{"name":"ISEP - Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Universidade do Porto , Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iMed.ULisboa , Faculty of Pharmacy, , Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa , Portugal"},{"name":"Universidade de Lisboa , Faculty of Pharmacy, , Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Filipa","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa , Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa , Portugal"}]},{"given":"R\u00faben F","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S - Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto , Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393 Porto , Portugal"},{"name":"INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto , Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS \u2013 Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro L","family":"Granja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S - Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto , Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393 Porto , Portugal"},{"name":"INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto , Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS \u2013 Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto , Portugal"},{"name":"FEUP \u2013 Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto , Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto , Portugal"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023072823355601500_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-08585-1","volume-title":"Measuring the Skin","author":"Agache","year":"2004"},{"key":"2023072823355601500_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40898-017-0003-8","article-title":"Advances in bioprinted cell-laden hydrogels for skin tissue engineering","volume":"2","author":"Pereira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomanufacturing Reviews"},{"key":"2023072823355601500_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2006.0179","article-title":"Tissue 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