{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T08:24:09Z","timestamp":1771489449005,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,20]],"date-time":"2018-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T35 HL110854"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T35 HL110854"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Together with Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue, Haemophilus ducreyi is a major cause of exudative cutaneous ulcers (CUs) in children. For H. ducreyi, both class I and class II strains, asymptomatic colonization, and environmental reservoirs have been found in endemic regions, but the epidemiology of this infection is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Based on published whole-genome sequences of H. ducreyi CU strains, a single-locus typing system was developed and applied to H. ducreyi\u2013positive CU samples obtained prior to, 1 year after, and 2 years after the initiation of a mass drug administration campaign to eradicate CU on Lihir Island in Papua New Guinea. DNA from the CU samples was amplified with class I and class II dsrA-specific primers and sequenced; the samples were classified into dsrA types, which were geospatially mapped. Selection pressure analysis was performed on the dsrA sequences.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Thirty-seven samples contained class I sequences, 27 contained class II sequences, and 13 contained both. There were 5 class I and 4 class II types circulating on the island; 3 types accounted for approximately 87% of the strains. The composition and geospatial distribution of the types varied little over time and there was no evidence of selection pressure.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Multiple strains of H. ducreyi cause CU on an endemic island and coinfections are common. In contrast to recent findings with T. pallidum pertenue, strain composition is not affected by antibiotic pressure, consistent with environmental reservoirs of H. ducreyi. Such reservoirs must be addressed to achieve eradication of H. ducreyi.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,18]],"date-time":"2018-04-18T20:00:25Z","timestamp":1524081625000},"page":"1768-1774","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Multiple Class I and Class II <i>Haemophilus ducreyi<\/i> Strains Cause Cutaneous Ulcers in Children on an Endemic Island"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Jacob C","family":"Grant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis"}]},{"given":"Camila","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Beiras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Public Health PhD Program, Nova University of Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Kristen M","family":"Amick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania"}]},{"given":"Kate R","family":"Fortney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis"}]},{"given":"Dharanesh","family":"Gangaiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis"}]},{"given":"Tricia L","family":"Humphreys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania"}]},{"given":"Oriol","family":"Mitj\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lihir Medical Centre\u2013International SOS, Newcrest Mining, Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea"},{"name":"Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Abecasis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Stanley M","family":"Spinola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024111411403933100_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00070-13","article-title":"The endemic treponematoses","volume":"27","author":"Giacani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2024111411403933100_CIT0002","first-page":"119","article-title":"Epidemiology of yaws: 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