{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:25:07Z","timestamp":1777386307046,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]],"date-time":"2021-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Disordered mineral and bone metabolism is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Bone biopsy remains the gold standard tool for evaluating renal osteodystrophy (ROD), but it is an invasive procedure. Despite a growing interest in the ability of newer bone biomarkers to discriminate between different forms of ROD, data on pre-dialysis patients are scarce.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted in a cohort of 56 patients with CKD Stages 3 and 4. Participants underwent a transiliac bone biopsy after a course of double tetracycline labelling. Circulating levels of Wnt signalling inhibitors sclerostin and Dickkopf-1 (DKK1), soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-\u03baB ligand (sRANKL) and osteoprotegerin were measured and correlated with histomorphometric analysis results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most patients had abnormal bone histology and low-turnover bone disease was the predominant form of ROD. Characteristics associated with high bone turnover were worse renal function, lower serum calcium and higher intact parathyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factor-23 levels. Patients with low bone turnover, on the other hand, presented with higher sclerostin along with lower DKK1 and sRANKL levels. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, sclerostin and DKK1 levels were independently associated with low-turnover bone disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results suggest that circulating levels of Wnt signalling inhibitors sclerostin and DKK1 are predictive of low-turnover bone disease in patients not yet on dialysis. Further research is needed to assess the performance of these bone turnover biomarkers, compared with histomorphometric analysis, in the diagnosis and treatment monitoring of ROD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfab081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T11:10:39Z","timestamp":1619867439000},"page":"2401-2408","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Sclerostin and DKK1 circulating levels associate with low bone turnover in patients with chronic kidney disease Stages 3 and 4"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6144-0179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Neto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Innovation and Health Research (I3S), Institute of Biomedical Engineering (INEB), Nephrology and Infectious Diseases Research Group, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Innovation and Health Research (I3S), Institute of Biomedical Engineering (INEB), Nephrology and Infectious Diseases Research Group, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Innovation and Health Research (I3S), Institute of Biomedical Engineering (INEB), Nephrology and Infectious Diseases Research Group, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Janete","family":"Quelhas-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical 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