{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T18:51:55Z","timestamp":1774291915446,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]],"date-time":"2021-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 is a global threat, causing high mortality, especially in the elderly. The main symptoms and the primary cause of death are related to interstitial pneumonia. Viral entry also into myocardial cells mainly via the angiotensin converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2) receptor and excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, however, also make the heart susceptible to injury. In addition to the immediate damage caused by the acute inflammatory response, the heart may also suffer from long-term consequences of COVID-19, potentially causing a post-pandemic increase in cardiac complications. Although the main cause of cardiac damage in COVID-19 remains coagulopathy with micro- (and to a lesser extent macro-) vascular occlusion, open questions remain about other possible modalities of cardiac dysfunction, such as direct infection of myocardial cells, effects of cytokines storm, and mechanisms related to enhanced coagulopathy. In this opinion paper, we focus on these lesser appreciated possibilities and propose experimental approaches that could provide a more comprehensive understanding of the cellular and molecular bases of cardiac injury in COVID-19 patients. We first discuss approaches to characterize cardiac damage caused by possible direct viral infection of cardiac cells, followed by formulating hypotheses on how to reproduce and investigate the hyperinflammatory and pro-thrombotic conditions observed in the heart of COVID-19 patients using experimental in vitro systems. Finally, we elaborate on strategies to discover novel pathology biomarkers using omics platforms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvab201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T03:15:27Z","timestamp":1623294927000},"page":"2148-2160","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["COVID-19-related cardiac complications from clinical evidences to basic mechanisms: opinion paper of the ESC Working Group on Cellular Biology of the Heart"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"117","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3097-8961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Pesce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS , Milan,","place":["Italy"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8345-6382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piergiuseppe","family":"Agostoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS , Milan,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunit\u00e0, University of Milan , Milan,","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"Hans-Erik","family":"B\u00f8tker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus N,","place":["Denmark"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4768-234X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca","family":"Brundel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences , Amsterdam,","place":["The Netherlands"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5182-4980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean M","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London , London,","place":["UK"]}]},{"given":"Raffaele De","family":"Caterina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Chair, University of Pisa, Pisa University Hospital , Pisa,","place":["Italy"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6424-6806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Ferdinandy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University , Budapest,","place":["Hungary"]},{"name":"Pharmahungary Group , Szeged,","place":["Hungary"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5786-8447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrique","family":"Girao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), Faculty of Medicine, Univ Coimbra, Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) , Coimbra,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Mariann","family":"Gy\u00f6ngy\u00f6si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna,","place":["Austria"]}]},{"given":"Jean-Sebastien","family":"Hulot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Paris, PARCC, INSERM , Paris,","place":["France"]},{"name":"CIC1418 and DMU CARTE, AP-HP, H\u00f4pital Europ\u00e9en Georges-Pompidou , Paris,","place":["France"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1942-8974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandrine","family":"Lecour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa and Cape Heart Institute, University of Cape Town , Cape Town,","place":["South Africa"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2274-0048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cinzia","family":"Perrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University , Naples,","place":["Italy"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3017-0476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rainer","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen , Giessen,","place":["Germany"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2088-9102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joost Pg","family":"Sluijter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center, Circulatory Health Laboratory, University Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht,","place":["The Netherlands"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6892-9751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabine","family":"Steffens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance , Munich,","place":["Germany"]}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Tancevski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck,","place":["Austria"]}]},{"given":"Can","family":"Gollmann-Tepek\u00f6yl\u00fc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck,","place":["Austria"]}]},{"given":"Carsten","family":"Tsch\u00f6pe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Charit\u00e9, Campus Virchow Klinikum , Berlin,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tmedizin Berlin , Berlin,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin , Berlin,","place":["Germany"]}]},{"given":"Sophie van","family":"Linthout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Charit\u00e9, Campus Virchow Klinikum , Berlin,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tmedizin Berlin , Berlin,","place":["Germany"]}]},{"given":"Rosalinda","family":"Madonna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Chair, University of Pisa, Pisa University Hospital , Pisa,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School in Houston , Houston, TX,","place":["USA"]}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024112922520267800_cvab201-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort 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