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Yet, behavioral responses to these aspects of anthropogenically modified forests remain poorly investigated. Here, we analyze the effects of small human-made clearings and secondary forests on tropical bats by examining the guild- and species-level activity patterns of phyllostomids sampled in the Central Amazon, Brazil. Specifically, we contrast the temporal activity patterns and degree of temporal overlap of 6 frugivorous and 4 gleaning animalivorous species in old-growth forest and second-growth forest and of 4 frugivores in old-growth forest and forest clearings. The activity patterns of frugivores and gleaning animalivores did not change between old-growth forest and second-growth, nor did the activity patterns of frugivores between old-growth forest and clearings. However, at the species level, we detected significant differences for Artibeus obscurus (old-growth forest vs. second-growth) and A. concolor (old-growth forest vs. clearings). The degree of temporal overlap was greater than random in all sampled habitats. However, for frugivorous species, the degree of temporal overlap was similar between old-growth forest and second-growth; whereas for gleaning animalivores, it was lower in second-growth than in old-growth forest. On the contrary, forest clearings were characterized by increased temporal overlap between frugivores. Changes in activity patterns and temporal overlap may result from differential foraging opportunities and dissimilar predation risks. Yet, our analyses suggest that activity patterns of bats in second-growth and small forest clearings, 2 of the most prominent habitats in humanized tropical landscapes, varies little from the activity patterns in old-growth forest.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cz\/zoz042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,5]],"date-time":"2019-09-05T12:54:13Z","timestamp":1567688053000},"page":"145-153","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Second-growth and small forest clearings have little effect on the temporal activity patterns of Amazonian phyllostomid bats"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Rocha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, 1749-016, Portugal"},{"name":"Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Manaus, 69011-970, Brazil"},{"name":"Conservation Science Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK"}]},{"given":"Adri\u00e0","family":"L\u00f3pez-Baucells","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, 1749-016, Portugal"},{"name":"Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Manaus, 69011-970, Brazil"},{"name":"Granollers Museum of Natural Sciences, Granollers, 08402, Spain"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1bio Z","family":"Farneda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, 1749-016, Portugal"},{"name":"Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Manaus, 69011-970, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Ecology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Diogo F","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, 1749-016, Portugal"},{"name":"Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Manaus, 69011-970, Brazil"},{"name":"CIBIO-InBIO, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vair\u00e3o, 4485-661, Portugal"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, 1749-016, Portugal"},{"name":"Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Manaus, 69011-970, Brazil"},{"name":"Conservation Ecology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut\u2019s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Ac\u00e1cio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, 1749-016, Portugal"},{"name":"Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Manaus, 69011-970, Brazil"},{"name":"School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK"}]},{"given":"Jorge M","family":"Palmeirim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, 1749-016, Portugal"},{"name":"Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Manaus, 69011-970, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Christoph F J","family":"Meyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, 1749-016, Portugal"},{"name":"Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Manaus, 69011-970, Brazil"},{"name":"Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre (EERC), School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020052305401706200_zoz042-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35228","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035228","article-title":"Local and landscape factors determining occurrence of phyllostomid bats in tropical secondary forests","volume":"7","author":"Avila-Cabadilla","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS 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