{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T21:24:00Z","timestamp":1773782640860,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Inflammatory Bowel Disease Study Group (GEDII) and Vifor Pharma"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hepcidin, the master regulator of systemic iron metabolism, is influenced by iron availability and inflammation. In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the interplay between iron deficiency and inflammatory activity remains incompletely understood. This study aimed to characterize hepcidin regulation in ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn\u2019s disease (CD) in relation to iron status and inflammatory markers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this cross-sectional multicenter study, 589 individuals were enrolled: 178 controls, and 130 UC and 281 CD patients. Patients were stratified by iron status and disease activity. Serum hepcidin, iron parameters, and inflammatory and clinical data were collected. Iron deficiency was defined using the ECCO criteria and a combined ferritin and transferrin saturation definition. Group comparisons, correlations, and multivariable linear regressions were performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hepcidin correlated positively with C-reactive protein in CD (r\u2009=\u2009.125; P\u2009=\u2009.038) and negatively with fecal calprotectin in UC (r\u2009=\u2009\u2212.311; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001). Using the ECCO definition, hepcidin levels in CD were higher than in controls within comparable iron-status categories (iron deficiency: 4.359\u2009[IQR 2.094-8.906] ng\/mL vs 2.300 [IQR 1.375-4.950] ng\/mL, P\u2009=\u2009.019; normal iron stores: 10.402 [IQR 6.398-17.683] ng\/mLvs 8.500 [IQR 5.300-12.150] ng\/mL, P\u2009=\u2009.023). In UC, no significant differences from controls were observed, under the same criteria. In correlation analyses, ferritin showed the strongest association with hepcidin across groups (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ferritin showed the strongest association with hepcidin across IBD, but regulation differed by disease. In UC, lower hepcidin levels were associated with intestinal inflammatory activity measured by fecal calprotectin, whereas in CD, higher hepcidin levels were associated with systemic inflammation despite iron deficiency. These findings highlight hepcidin\u2019s potential as a biomarker linking iron status and inflammatory type in IBD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjag023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T17:52:21Z","timestamp":1773769941000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distinct hepcidin patterns in Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis: links to iron homeostasis and inflammatory activity"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2634-9668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Magro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Portuguese Inflammatory Bowel Disease Study Group (GEDII) , Porto,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto , Porto,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o , Porto,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o , Porto,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Biomedicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto , Porto,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Ministro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Portuguese Inflammatory Bowel Disease Study Group (GEDII) , Porto,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de Viseu D\u00e3o-Laf\u00f5es , Viseu,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Helena Tavares","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Portim\u00e3o Hospital, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade do Algarve , Portim\u00e3o,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"ABC-Algarve Biomedical Center, University of Algarve , Faro,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Faculty, University of Algarve , Faro,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5098-8729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Roseira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Portim\u00e3o Hospital, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade do Algarve , Portim\u00e3o,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"ABC-Algarve Biomedical Center, University of Algarve , Faro,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3818-981X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Portim\u00e3o Hospital, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade do Algarve , Portim\u00e3o,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"ABC-Algarve Biomedical Center, University of Algarve , Faro,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2947-8791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Portuguese Inflammatory Bowel Disease Study Group (GEDII) , Porto,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de Santa Maria , Lisbon,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Crespo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de Santa Maria , Lisbon,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Portuguese Inflammatory Bowel Disease Study Group (GEDII) , Porto,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Domingues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Portuguese Inflammatory Bowel Disease Study Group (GEDII) , Porto,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia Camila","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto , Porto,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Knowledge Management Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto , Porto,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Melo-Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Portuguese Inflammatory Bowel Disease Study Group (GEDII) , Porto,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Mafalda","family":"Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Portuguese Inflammatory Bowel Disease Study Group (GEDII) , Porto,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto , Porto,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Portela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Portuguese Inflammatory Bowel Disease Study Group (GEDII) , Porto,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"IBD Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de Coimbra , 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