{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T07:31:02Z","timestamp":1772177462708,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,27]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,29]],"date-time":"2017-06-29T15:34:04Z","timestamp":1498750444000},"page":"1381-1392","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 6-Thioguanine Nucleotide Levels and Clinical Remission in Inflammatory Bowel Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Maria Manuela","family":"Estevinho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isadora","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Instituto Portugue\u0302s de Oncologia de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Lago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eunice","family":"Trindade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Centro Hospitalar S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital de Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia Camila","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal, and Centre for Health Technology and Services Research, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Magro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"name":"on behalf GEDII [Portuguese IBD Group]","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000289","article-title":"Combinatorial effects of diet and genetics on inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis","volume":"21","author":"Dixon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11525","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i33.11525","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a comparison of Eastern and Western perspectives","volume":"20","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000122","article-title":"6-Mercaptopurine reduces macrophage activation and gut epithelium proliferation through inhibition of GTPase Rac1","volume":"20","author":"Marinkovi\u0107","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0004","first-page":"435","article-title":"Thiopurines in IBD: what is their mechanism of action?","volume":"6","author":"Markus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjw091","article-title":"Designer thiopurine-analogues for optimised immunosuppression in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"10","author":"Atreya","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-015-0316-9","article-title":"Pharmacology and optimization of thiopurines and methotrexate in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"55","author":"Coskun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1159\/000443127","article-title":"When to start immunomodulators in inflammatory bowel disease?","volume":"34","author":"Sharara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2014.55.5.1289","article-title":"Monitoring thiopurine metabolites in Korean pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"55","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13210","article-title":"Thiopurine metabolite testing in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"31","author":"Goldberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622315579063","article-title":"Optimizing the use of thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"6","author":"Goel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ther Adv Chronic Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.5414\/CP202962","article-title":"Safety of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease na\u00efve to thiopurine treatment","author":"Alaish","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.110","article-title":"Toward a personalized medicine approach to the management of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"109","author":"Mosli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000302","article-title":"Change in erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume during combination therapy with azathioprine and infliximab is associated with mucosal healing: a post hoc analysis from SONIC","volume":"21","author":"Bouguen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000439068.71126.00","article-title":"Association between 6-thioguanine nucleotides levels and clinical remission in inflammatory disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Moreau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.10.047","article-title":"American Gastroenterological Association Institute guideline on the use of thiopurines, methotrexate, and anti-TNF-\u03b1 biologic drugs for the induction and maintenance of remission in inflammatory Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"145","author":"Terdiman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx008","article-title":"Third European evidence-based consensus on diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis. Part 1: definitions, diagnosis, extra-intestinal manifestations, pregnancy, cancer surveillance, surgery, and ileo-anal pouch disorders","volume":"11","author":"Magro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b2535","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2535","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"339","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0018","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]","author":"Higgins","year":"2011"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2753.2011.01662.x","article-title":"Reviewing studies with diverse designs: the development and evaluation of a new tool","volume":"18","author":"Sirriyeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Eval Clin Pract"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2015.09.002","article-title":"Meta-analysis in clinical trials revisited","volume":"45","author":"DerSimonian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(04)00127-2","article-title":"Thiopurine methyltransferase activity influences clinical response to azathioprine in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"2","author":"Cuffari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21190","article-title":"Thiopurine maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis: the clinical significance of monitoring 6-thioguanine nucleotide","volume":"16","author":"Hanai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.39.3.401","article-title":"6-Mercaptopurine metabo lism in Crohn\u2019s disease: correlation with efficacy and toxicity","volume":"39","author":"Cuffari","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2000.00812.x","article-title":"Enhanced bioavailability of azathioprine compared to 6-mercaptopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: correlation with treatment efficacy","volume":"14","author":"Cuffari","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(00)70140-5","article-title":"Pharmacogenomics and metabolite measurement for 6-mercaptopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"118","author":"Dubinsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-200110000-00006","article-title":"6-Mercaptopurine metabolite levels in children with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"33","author":"Gupta","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.134","article-title":"Usefulness of thiopurine metabolites in predicting azathioprine resistance in pediatric IBD patients","volume":"53","author":"Nguyen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0b013e3182a508c6","article-title":"Exploring associations of 6-thioguanine nucleotide levels and other predictive factors with therapeutic response to azathioprine in pediatric patients with IBD using multilevel analysis","volume":"19","author":"Nguyen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200412000-00028","article-title":"Therapeutic drug monitoring of thiopurine drugs in patients with inflammatory bowel disease or autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"16","author":"Wusk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12039","article-title":"The impact of introducing thioguanine nucleotide monitoring into an inflammatory bowel disease clinic","volume":"67","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520150218084","article-title":"Therapeutic drug monitoring of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine metabolites in Crohn disease","volume":"36","author":"Belaiche","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2016.1161068","article-title":"Measurement of red blood cell 6-thioguanine nucleotide is beneficial in azathioprine maintenance therapy of Chinese Crohn\u2019s disease patients","volume":"51","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3326","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003326","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of pharmacogenomics and metabolite measurements upon azathioprine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: an observational study","volume":"95","author":"Fangbin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine [Baltimore]"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2011.12.003","article-title":"Therapeutic drug monitoring of thiopurine metabolites in adult thiopurine tolerant IBD patients on maintenance therapy","volume":"6","author":"Gilissen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-200407000-00003","article-title":"Indicators of clinical response to treatment with six-mercaptopurine or azathioprine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"10","author":"Achkar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03278.x","article-title":"Thiopurine metabolite monitoring in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"25","author":"Ooi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2009.09.031","article-title":"Algorithms outperform metabolite tests in predicting response of patients with inflammatory bowel disease to thiopurines","volume":"8","author":"Waljee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02419.x","article-title":"6-thioguanine monitoring in steroid-dependent patients with inflammatory bowel diseases receiving azathioprine","volume":"21","author":"Roblin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2008.05419.x","article-title":"Monitoring 6-thioguanine nucleotide concentrations in Japanese patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"23","author":"Andoh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e318283ed5d","article-title":"Improved method for therapeutic drug monitoring of 6-thioguanine nucleotides and 6-methylmercaptopurine in whole-blood by LC\/MSMS using isotope-labeled internal standards","volume":"35","author":"Kirchherr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04756.x","article-title":"Thiopurine methyl-transferase activity and azathioprine metabolite concentrations do not predict clinical outcome in thiopurine-treated inflammatory bowel disease patients","volume":"34","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Lama","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.48.5.642","article-title":"Utilisation of erythrocyte 6-thioguanine metabolite levels to optimise azathioprine therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"48","author":"Cuffari","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2008.01.003","article-title":"Thiopurine methyltransferase activity combined with 6-thioguanine metabolite levels predicts clinical response to thiopurines in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"40","author":"Kwan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4347(92)80347-S","article-title":"High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of the methyl and nucleotide metabolites of 6-mercaptopurine: quantitation of red blood cell 6-thioguanine nucleotide, 6-thioinosinic acid and 6-methylmercaptopurine metabolites in a single sample","volume":"583","author":"Lennard","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Chromatogr"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/44.3.551","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of 6-thioguanine and methyl 6-mercaptopurine nucleotides of azathioprine in red blood cells by HPLC","volume":"44","author":"Dervieux","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.1130040202","article-title":"A reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography approach in determining total red blood cell concentrations of 6-thioguanine, 6-mercaptopurine, methylthioguanine, and methylmercaptopurine in a patient receiving thiopurine therapy","volume":"4","author":"Erdmann","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biomed Chromatogr"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1373\/49.2.260","article-title":"Differences in nucleotide hydrolysis contribute to the differences between erythrocyte 6-thioguanine nucleotide concentrations determined by two widely used methods","volume":"49","author":"Shipkova","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.01.046","article-title":"Association of 6-thioguanine nucleotide levels and inflammatory bowel disease activity: a meta-analysis","volume":"130","author":"Osterman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.49.5.665","article-title":"Measurement of thiopurine methyltransferase activity and azathioprine metabolites in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"49","author":"Lowry","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.30415.x","article-title":"The utility of 6-thioguanine metabolite levels in managing patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"99","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1136\/flgastro-2015-100681","article-title":"Monitoring thiopurine metabolites in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"7","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Lama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontline Gastroenterology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000583","article-title":"The evolving role of thiopurines for inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"22","author":"Rosen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13879","article-title":"Early prediction of thiopurine-induced hepatotoxicity in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"45","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12365","article-title":"Thiopurine monitoring in children with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review","volume":"78","author":"Konidari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0055","first-page":"1","article-title":"A practical guide to thiopurine prescribing and monitoring in IBD","volume":"0","author":"Warner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontline Gastroenterology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13559","article-title":"Review article: recent advances in pharmacoge netics and pharmacokinetics for safe and effective thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"43","author":"Moon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s40291-016-0232-1","article-title":"Rac attack: modulation of the small GTPase Rac in inflammatory bowel disease and thiopurine therapy","volume":"20","author":"Seinen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Diagn Ther"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.032896","article-title":"Clinical significance of azathioprine active metabolite concentrations in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"53","author":"Wright","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.163485","article-title":"Understanding the delayed onset of action of azathioprine in IBD: are we there yet?","volume":"58","author":"Atreya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X16670074","article-title":"Trend towards dose reduction of azathioprine as monotherapy in inflammatory bowel disease patients: what about for combination therapy?","volume":"10","author":"Williet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Therap Adv Gastroenterol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2015.06.001","article-title":"Defining disease severity in inflammatory bowel diseases: current and future directions","volume":"14","author":"Peyrin-Biroulet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180328182503_CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13139","article-title":"Randomised clinical trial: deep remission in biologic and immunomodulator na\u00efve patients with Crohn\u2019s disease\u2014a SONIC post hoc analysis","volume":"41","author":"Colombel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"}],"container-title":["Journal of Crohn's and Colitis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ecco-jcc\/article-pdf\/11\/11\/1381\/21312893\/jjx089.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,11]],"date-time":"2020-10-11T01:40:06Z","timestamp":1602380406000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ecco-jcc\/article\/11\/11\/1381\/3904568"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,30]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx089","relation":{},"ISSN":["1873-9946","1876-4479"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1873-9946","type":"print"},{"value":"1876-4479","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,30]]}}}