{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T04:39:52Z","timestamp":1789274392826,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22hma322007h0001, 23hma322007h0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22hma322007h0001, 23hma322007h0002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005946","name":"Hokkaido University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005946","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003348","name":"Fukuda Foundation for Medical Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007434","name":"Suzuken Memorial Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005936","name":"CASIO Science Promotion Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005936","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Although frailty assessment is recommended for guiding treatment strategies and outcome prediction in elderly patients with heart failure (HF), most frailty scales are subjective, and the scores vary among raters. We sought to develop a machine learning\u2013based automatic rating method\/system\/model of the clinical frailty scale (CFS) for patients with HF.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We prospectively examined 417 elderly (\u226575 years) with symptomatic chronic HF patients from 7 centres between January 2019 and October 2023. The patients were divided into derivation (n = 194) and validation (n = 223) cohorts. We obtained body-tracking motion data using a deep learning\u2013based pose estimation library, on a smartphone camera. Predicted CFS was calculated from 128 key features, including gait parameters, using the light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM) model. To evaluate the performance of this model, we calculated Cohen\u2019s weighted kappa (CWK) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between the predicted and actual CFSs. In the derivation and validation datasets, the LightGBM models showed excellent agreements between the actual and predicted CFSs [CWK 0.866, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.807\u20130.911; ICC 0.866, 95% CI 0.827\u20130.898; CWK 0.812, 95% CI 0.752\u20130.868; ICC 0.813, 95% CI 0.761\u20130.854, respectively]. During a median follow-up period of 391 (inter-quartile range 273\u2013617) days, the higher predicted CFS was independently associated with a higher risk of all-cause death (hazard ratio 1.60, 95% CI 1.02\u20132.50) after adjusting for significant prognostic covariates.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Machine learning\u2013based algorithms of automatically CFS rating are feasible, and the predicted CFS is associated with the risk of all-cause death in elderly patients with HF.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjdh\/ztad082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T08:01:37Z","timestamp":1703145697000},"page":"152-162","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Machine learning\u2013based gait analysis to predict clinical frailty scale in elderly patients with heart failure"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Yoshifumi","family":"Mizuguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University , Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku , Sapporo 0608638, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motoki","family":"Nakao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University , Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku , Sapporo 0608638, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1043-0608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshiyuki","family":"Nagai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University , Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku , Sapporo 0608638, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University , Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku , Sapporo 0608638, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Abe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University , Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku , Sapporo 0608638, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeo","family":"Kakinoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Otaru Kyokai Hospital , Hokkaido , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shogo","family":"Imagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, National Hospital Organization Hakodate National Hospital , Hokkaido , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenichi","family":"Matsutani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Sunagawa City Medical Center , Hokkaido , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiko","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Japan Red Cross Kitami Hospital , Hokkaido , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masashige","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Japan Community Healthcare Organization Hokkaido Hospital , Sapporo , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiya","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Kushiro City General Hospital , Hokkaido , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Komoriyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Kushiro City General Hospital , Hokkaido , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hikaru","family":"Hagiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Kushiro City General Hospital , Hokkaido , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Hirata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuto","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Planning Office, INFOCOM CORPORATION , Tokyo , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manabu","family":"Otsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Planning Office, INFOCOM CORPORATION , Tokyo , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunihiro","family":"Chiyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Planning Office, INFOCOM CORPORATION , Tokyo , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshihisa","family":"Anzai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University , Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku , Sapporo 0608638, 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