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Despite the widespread use of the Rotterdam criteria, challenges in diagnostic accuracy persist. Anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone (AMH), a glycoprotein secreted by ovarian follicles, has emerged as a promising biomarker for refining diagnosis due to its strong correlation with follicular count and elevated levels in women with PCOS. This review critically evaluates the advantages and limitations of incorporating AMH into PCOS diagnostic criteria. Elevated AMH levels are indicative of PCOM and anovulation, offering a non-invasive diagnostic tool that minimizes interobserver variability in ultrasound-based assessments. Additionally, AMH remains stable throughout the menstrual cycle and aligns with phenotypic diversity in PCOS, potentially supporting individualized management strategies. However, significant challenges remain. Variability in AMH assay methods, the absence of comparable cut-off values, and influences of age, ethnicity, and obesity on AMH levels limit its universal applicability. Additionally, AMH cut-offs for PCOS diagnosis, ranging from 3.5 to 5\u2005ng\/mL, raises questions about its clinical relevance, as there is not clear evidence of its biological significance. The review also highlights AMH's clinical utility in reproductive medicine, particularly in predicting ovarian response to stimulation, tailoring gonadotropin dosages, and optimizing assisted reproductive technology outcomes. While AMH holds promise as a complementary diagnostic criterion for PCOS, its fully integration into clinical practice requires further validation through standardized assays, population-specific cut-offs, and robust studies to address existing limitations. In conclusion, AMH harbours the potential to enhance the specificity and sensitivity of PCOS diagnosis, particularly in dubious cases. However, the inclusion of AMH in the current criteria for diagnosing PCOS still requires addressing methodological challenges and balancing its benefits against inherent limitations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvaf062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]],"date-time":"2025-04-05T09:24:55Z","timestamp":1743845095000},"page":"R29-R43","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Should anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone be a diagnosis criterion for polycystic ovary syndrome? An in-depth review of pros and cons"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"192","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2967-2666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Em\u00eddio","family":"Vale-Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Medically Assisted Procreation\/Public Gamete Bank, Gynaecology Department, Centro Materno-Infantil do Norte Dr. Albino Aroso (CMIN), Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Santo Ant\u00f3nio (CHUdSA), Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de Santo Ant\u00f3nio (ULSSA) , Porto 4099-001 ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, UMIB\u2014Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS\u2014School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto , Porto 4050-346 ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"ITR\u2014Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health , Porto 4050-600 ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5555-7004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duarte","family":"Pignatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto , Porto 4200-319 ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital S Jo\u00e3o and Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto , Porto 4200-319 ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"I3S Institute for Innovation in Health , Porto 4200-135 ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0662-1831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana P","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, UMIB\u2014Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS\u2014School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto , Porto 4050-346 ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"ITR\u2014Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health , Porto 4050-600 ,","place":["Portugal"]}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025042821512208700_lvaf062-B1","author":"Organization, W.H"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025042821512208700_lvaf062-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13061113","article-title":"Current guidelines for diagnosing PCOS","volume":"13","author":"Christ","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025042821512208700_lvaf062-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh098","article-title":"Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)","volume":"19","author":"Rotterdam ESHRE\/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS consensus workshop group","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum 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