{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T18:06:21Z","timestamp":1768586781188,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,29]],"date-time":"2016-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1482969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":787,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Newly assembled macroeconomic statistics for early modern Portugal reveal one of Europe's most vigorous colonial traders but one of its least successful growth records. Was the empire a blessing or a drag to the economy? Using an estimated dynamic model, we conclude that intercontinental trade had a substantial and increasingly positive impact on economic growth. In the heyday of colonial expansion, eliminating the economic links to empire would have reduced Portugal's per capita income by at least a fifth. While the empire helped the domestic economy, it was not sufficient to annul the tendency of the latter toward decline in relation to Europe's advanced core, which began to set in from the seventeenth century onward, but only became definite after 1800. We conclude that the explanation for Portugal's long-term backwardness must be sought primarily in domestic conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ereh\/heu019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,5]],"date-time":"2014-11-05T00:55:50Z","timestamp":1415148950000},"page":"1-22","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["The great escape? The contribution of the empire to Portugal's economic growth, 1500\u20131800"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Leonor Freire","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GHES\/ISEG, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Economics and Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICS, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019070403224396700_HEU019C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1257\/0002828054201305","article-title":"The rise of Europe: Atlantic trade, institutional change and economic growth","volume":"95","author":"Acemoglu","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"2019070403224396700_HEU019C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1006\/exeh.2001.0775","article-title":"The great divergence in European wages and prices from the Middle Ages to the First World War","volume":"38","author":"Allen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Explorations in Economic History"},{"key":"2019070403224396700_HEU019C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0289.2003.00257.x","article-title":"Progress and poverty in Early Modern Europe","volume":"LVI","author":"Allen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Economic History Review"},{"key":"2019070403224396700_HEU019C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511816680","volume-title":"The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective","author":"Allen","year":"2009"},{"key":"2019070403224396700_HEU019C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022050712000629","article-title":"The colonial origins of the divergence in the Americas: a labour market approach","volume":"72","author":"Allen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Economic History"},{"key":"2019070403224396700_HEU019C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1017\/S1361491607002043","article-title":"The decline of Spain (1500\u20131850): conjectural estimates","volume":"11","author":"\u00c1lvarez-Nogal","year":"2007","journal-title":"European Review of Economic History"},{"key":"2019070403224396700_HEU019C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0289.2012.00656.x","article-title":"The rise and fall of Spain (1270\u20131850)","volume":"66","author":"\u00c1lvarez-Nogal","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Economic History Review"},{"key":"2019070403224396700_HEU019C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eeh.2007.09.002","article-title":"GDP per capita or real wages? 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