{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T04:46:30Z","timestamp":1774500390034,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]],"date-time":"2024-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cape Heart Institute"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007112","name":"University of Cape Town","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007112","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hippocrate Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>There is a growing recognition that the profound environmental changes that have occurred over the past century pose threats to human health. Many of these environmental factors, including air pollution, noise pollution, as well as exposure to metals such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, and other metals, are particularly detrimental to the cardiovascular health of people living in low-to-middle income countries (LMICs). Low-to-middle income countries are likely to be disproportionally burdened by cardiovascular diseases provoked by environmental factors. Moreover, they have the least capacity to address the core drivers and consequences of this phenomenon. This review summarizes the impact of environmental factors such as climate change, air pollution, and metal exposure on the cardiovascular system, and how these specifically affect people living in LMICs. It also outlines how behaviour changes and interventions that reduce environmental pollution would have significant effects on the cardiovascular health of those from LMICs, and globally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwad388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]],"date-time":"2024-01-04T20:26:12Z","timestamp":1704399972000},"page":"688-697","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Cardiovascular disease in low- and middle-income countries associated with environmental factors"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8272-0911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Sliwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cape Heart Institute, Chris Barnard Building, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cnr Anzio Road and Falmouth Road, 7925, Observatory, Cape Town , South Africa"},{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, Main Road, 7925, Observatory, Cape Town , South Africa"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7246-4136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charle Andr\u00e9","family":"Viljoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cape Heart Institute, Chris Barnard Building, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cnr Anzio Road and Falmouth Road, 7925, Observatory, Cape Town , South Africa"},{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, Main Road, 7925, Observatory, Cape Town , South Africa"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9032-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, 32 Mouat St, Fremantle, Western Australia, 6160 , Australia"},{"name":"Eduardo Mondlane University, 3435 Avenida Julius Nyerere, Maputo , Mozambique"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7078-597X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark R","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queens Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH4 3RL , UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3172-834X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorairaj","family":"Prabhakaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Chronic Disease Control, C1\/52, Safdarjung Development Area, New Delhi, 110016, India"}]},{"given":"Raman Krishna","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre , Ponekkara PO, Cochin 682041, Kerala , India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4801-2030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Friedrich","family":"Thienemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cape Heart Institute, Chris Barnard Building, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cnr Anzio Road and Falmouth Road, 7925, Observatory, Cape Town , South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich , 100 R\u00e4mistrasse, 8091 Zurich , Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Piniero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Arenales 2463, Buenos Aires, C1124AAN, Argentina"}]},{"given":"Poornima","family":"Prabhakaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Chronic Disease Control, C1\/52, Safdarjung Development Area, New Delhi, 110016, India"}]},{"given":"Jagat","family":"Narula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health , 7000 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030 , USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8034-4529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fausto","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. 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