{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T22:45:54Z","timestamp":1761864354364,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Funds through FCT"},{"name":"Stimulus of Scientific Employment\u2014Individual Support","award":["CEECIND\/02386\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/02386\/2018"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002924","name":"FEDER","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002924","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Socioeconomic differences have been observed in the risk of acquiring infectious diseases, but evidence regarding SARS-CoV-2 remains sparse. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the association between SARS-CoV-2 infection risk and socioeconomic deprivation, exploring whether this association varied according to different phases of the national pandemic response.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted. Data routinely collected for patients with a laboratorial result recorded in SINAVE\u00ae, between 2 March and 14 June 2020, were analysed. Socioeconomic deprivation was assessed using quintiles of the European Deprivation Index (Q1-least deprived to Q5-most deprived). Response phases were defined as before, during and after the national State of Emergency. Associations were estimated using multilevel analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study included 223\u2009333 individuals (14.7% were SARS-CoV-2 positive cases). SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence ratio increased with deprivation [PR(Q1)=Ref; PR(Q2)=1.37 (95% CI 1.19\u20131.58), PR(Q3)=1.48 (95% CI 1.26\u20131.73), PR(Q4)=1.73 (95% CI 1.47\u20132.04), PR(Q5)=2.24 (95% CI 1.83\u20132.75)]. This was observed during the State of Emergency [PR(Q5)=2.09 (95% CI 1.67\u20132.62)] and more pronounced after the State of Emergency [PR(Q5)= 3.43 (95% CI 2.66\u20134.44)].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The effect of socioeconomic deprivation in the SARS-CoV-2 infection risk emerged after the implementation of the first State of Emergency in Portugal, and became more pronounced as social distancing policies eased. Decision-makers should consider these results when deliberating future mitigation measures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckab192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]],"date-time":"2021-10-30T19:09:17Z","timestamp":1635620957000},"page":"145-150","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Community socioeconomic deprivation and SARS-CoV-2 infection risk: findings from Portugal"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7729-8579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo M","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, ACES Porto Oriental, Administra\u00e7\u00e3o Regional de Sa\u00fade do Norte, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Divis\u00e3o de Epidemiologia e Estat\u00edstica, Dire\u00e7\u00e3o-Geral da Sa\u00fade, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8880-6962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Isabel","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica e Forenses, e Educa\u00e7\u00e3o M\u00e9dica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Constantino P","family":"Caetano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Epidemiologia, Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"S\u00e1 Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divis\u00e3o de Epidemiologia e Estat\u00edstica, Dire\u00e7\u00e3o-Geral da Sa\u00fade, Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Unidade de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, ACES Almada\/Seixal, Administra\u00e7\u00e3o Regional de Sa\u00fade Lisboa e Vale do Tejo, Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022051018263742800_ckab192-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1511248","article-title":"The future of public health","volume":"373","author":"Frieden","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022051018263742800_ckab192-B2","first-page":"31145","article-title":"Health inequity during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cry for ethical global leadership","volume":"6736","author":"Chiriboga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022051018263742800_ckab192-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2405-7","article-title":"Estimating the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in Europe","volume":"7820","author":"Flaxman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022051018263742800_ckab192-B4","first-page":"3099:1034\u201342","article-title":"Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 among patients in the Oxford Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre primary care network: a cross-sectional study","author":"de Lusignan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022051018263742800_ckab192-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China","volume":"382","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022051018263742800_ckab192-B6","first-page":"30085","article-title":"Why inequality could spread COVID-19","volume":"2667","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Heal"},{"key":"2022051018263742800_ckab192-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.51.4.359","article-title":"How should interventions to reduce inequalities in health be evaluated?","volume":"51","author":"Mackenbach","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"2022051018263742800_ckab192-B8","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Social Determinants of Health. 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