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Numerous intra- and interspecific studies have aimed to explain the evolution of this behavior. Recent comparative work suggests that family living (i.e., when offspring remain with their parents beyond independence) is a critical stepping stone in the evolution of cooperative breeding. Thus, it is key to understand the factors that facilitate the evolution of family living. Within-species studies suggest that protection from predators is a critical function of group living, through both passive benefits such as dilution effects and active benefits such as prosocial antipredator behaviors in family groups. However, the association between predation risk and the formation and prevalence of family groups and cooperative breeding remains untested globally. Here, we use phylogenetic comparative analyses including 2,984 bird species to show that family living and cooperative breeding are associated with increased occurrence of avian predators. These cross-species findings lend support to previous suggestions based on intraspecific studies that social benefits of family living, such as protection against predation, could favor the evolution of delayed dispersal and cooperative breeding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/evolut\/qpae058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]],"date-time":"2024-04-23T06:13:17Z","timestamp":1713852797000},"page":"1317-1324","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Family living and cooperative breeding in birds are associated with the number of avian predators"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2349-8513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louis","family":"Bliard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Zurich University , Z\u00fcrich , Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Dufour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg , G\u00f6teborg , Sweden"},{"name":"Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre , Go\u0308teborg , Sweden"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Griesser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz , Konstanz , Germany"},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Konstanz , Konstanz , Germany"},{"name":"Department of Collective Behavior, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior , Konstanz , Germany"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Covas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO-InBio, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, University of Porto , Vair\u00e3o , Portugal"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO , Vair\u00e3o , Portugal"},{"name":"Fitzpatrick Institute, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2024070117312436600_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.05.110174.001545","article-title":"The evolution of social behavior","volume":"5","author":"Alexander","year":"1974","journal-title":"Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics"},{"key":"2024070117312436600_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0355","article-title":"Cooperative breeding in birds: A comparative test of the life history hypothesis","volume":"265","author":"Arnold","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024070117312436600_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12540","article-title":"On how risk and group size interact to influence vigilance","volume":"94","author":"Beauchamp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biological Reviews"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024070117312436600_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-023-05425-7","article-title":"Flock size increases with the diversity and abundance of local predators in an avian family","volume":"202","author":"Beauchamp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024070117312436600_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12986","article-title":"What is cooperative breeding in mammals and birds? 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