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Yet we currently lack an integrative view of the key taxa, functions and metabolic activity which make-up this communal pool, usually referred to as the \u2018rare biosphere\u2019, across the domains of life. In this context, this review examines the microbial rare biosphere in its broader sense, providing an historical perspective on representative studies which enabled to bridge the concept from macroecology to microbial ecology. It then addresses our current knowledge of the prokaryotic rare biosphere, and covers emerging insights into the ecology, taxonomy and evolution of low abundance microeukaryotic, viral and host-associated communities. We also review recent methodological advances and provide a synthetic overview on how the rare biosphere fits into different conceptual models used to explain microbial community assembly mechanisms, composition and function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiaa227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]],"date-time":"2020-11-06T20:13:13Z","timestamp":1604693593000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":138,"title":["The microbial rare biosphere: current concepts, methods and ecological principles"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Francisco","family":"Pascoal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixoes, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences (iBB), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"U.S.\u00a0Department\u00a0of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 1 Cyclotron Road, CA 94720, USA"},{"name":"Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, CA 94720 Berkeley, USA"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixoes, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Science, University of Waikato, Gate 1, Knighton Road 3240, Hamilton, New Zealand"},{"name":"Ocean Frontier Institute, Dalhousie University, Steele Ocean Sciences 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