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The social and economic burden of AMR seems ever rising, with health- and research-related organizations rushing to collaborate on a worldwide scale to find effective solutions. Resistant bacteria are spreading even in first-world nations, being found not only in healthcare-related settings, but also in food and in the environment. In this minireview, the impact of AMR in healthcare systems and the major bacteria behind it are highlighted. Ecological aspects of AMR evolution and the complexity of its molecular mechanisms are explained. Major concepts, such as intrinsic, acquired and adaptive resistance, as well as tolerance and heteroresistance, are also clarified. More importantly, the problematic of biofilms and their role in AMR, namely their main resistance and tolerance mechanisms, are elucidated. Finally, some of the most promising anti-biofilm strategies being investigated are reviewed. Much is still to be done regarding the study of AMR and the discovery of new anti-biofilm strategies. Gladly, considerable research on this topic is generated every day and increasingly concerted actions are being engaged globally to try and tackle this problem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiz115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,15]],"date-time":"2019-07-15T15:13:34Z","timestamp":1563203614000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Antimicrobial resistance three ways: healthcare crisis, major concepts and the relevance of biofilms"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Paula","family":"Jorge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Ros\u00e1rio Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andreia Patr\u00edcia","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Ros\u00e1rio Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"T\u00e2nia","family":"Grainha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Ros\u00e1rio Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Ros\u00e1rio Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Margarida","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Ros\u00e1rio Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Susana Patr\u00edcia","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Ros\u00e1rio Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Ol\u00edvia","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Ros\u00e1rio Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019073002401622500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-51-4-344","article-title":"Mixed species biofilms of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus epidermidis","volume":"51","author":"Adam","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2019073002401622500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7328","DOI":"10.1039\/c3nr00024a","article-title":"Immobilized silver nanoparticles enhance contact killing and show highest efficacy: elucidation of the mechanism of bactericidal action of 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