{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T07:36:34Z","timestamp":1758267394274,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,7]],"date-time":"2023-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":279,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009145","name":"Botswana International University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009145","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The inebriation of wild African elephants from eating the ripened and rotting fruit of the marula tree is a persistent myth in Southern Africa. However, the yeasts responsible for alcoholic fermentation to intoxicate the elephants remain poorly documented. In this study, we considered Botswana, a country with the world's largest population of wild elephants, and where the marula tree is indigenous, abundant and protected, to assess the occurrence and biodiversity of yeasts with a potential to ferment and subsequently inebriate the wild elephants. We collected marula fruits from over a stretch of 800\u00a0km in Botswana and isolated 106 yeast strains representing 24 yeast species. Over 93% of these isolates, typically known to ferment simple sugars and produce ethanol comprising of high ethanol producers belonging to Saccharomyces, Brettanomyces, and Pichia, and intermediate ethanol producers Wickerhamomyces, Zygotorulaspora, Candida, Hanseniaspora, and Kluyveromyces. Fermentation of marula juice revealed convincing fermentative and aromatic bouquet credentials to suggest the potential to influence foraging behaviour and inebriate elephants in nature. There is insufficient evidence to refute the aforementioned myth. This work serves as the first work towards understanding the biodiversity marula associated yeasts to debunk the myth or approve the facts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsmc\/xtad018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T20:24:57Z","timestamp":1696537497000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The <i>marula<\/i> and elephant intoxication myth: assessing the biodiversity of fermenting yeasts associated with marula fruits (<i>Sclerocarya birrea<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7045-6532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tawanda Proceed","family":"Makopa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology , Plot 10071, Boseja, Palapye , Botswana , 00267"}]},{"given":"Gorata","family":"Modikwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology , Plot 10071, Boseja, Palapye , Botswana , 00267"}]},{"given":"Urska","family":"Vrhovsek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre , Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michelle All'Adige , Via E. Mach, 1, Italy , 38010"}]},{"given":"Cesare","family":"Lotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre , Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michelle All'Adige , Via E. Mach, 1, Italy , 38010"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Paulo","family":"Sampaio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciencias da Vida, Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Caparica , Portugal , 2829-516"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8822-1347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nerve","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology , Plot 10071, Boseja, Palapye , Botswana , 00267"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024011907231387300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/S0369-8114(01)00242-5","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms of alcohol metabolizing enzymes","volume":"49","author":"Agarwal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pathol Biol (Paris)"},{"key":"2024011907231387300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-012-1242-8","article-title":"Performance evaluation of Pichia kluyveri, Kluyveromyces marxianus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in industrial tequila fermentation","volume":"29","author":"Amaya-Delgado","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"2024011907231387300_bib3","first-page":"149","article-title":"Mass die-off of African elephants in Botswana: pathogen, poison or a perfect storm?","volume-title":"S Afr J Wildl Res","author":"Azeem","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024011907231387300_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2009.10.007","article-title":"Rainfall variability and trends in semi-arid Botswana: implications for climate change adaptation policy","volume":"30","author":"Batisani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl Geogr"},{"key":"2024011907231387300_bib5","first-page":"27","article-title":"Yeast stress response and fermentation efficiency: how to survive the making of wine","volume-title":"S Afr J Enol Vitic","author":"Bauer","year":"2000"},{"key":"2024011907231387300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2012.02006.x","article-title":"Yeast, not fruit volatiles mediate Drosophila melanogaster attraction, oviposition and development","volume":"26","author":"Becher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"2024011907231387300_bib7","first-page":"489","article-title":"Yeasts and yeast-like fungi associated with tree bark: diversity and identification of yeasts producing extracellular endoxylanases","volume-title":"Curr Microbiol","author":"Bhadra","year":"2008"},{"key":"2024011907231387300_bib8","article-title":"A survey of marula fruit yields in North-Central Namibia","volume-title":"CRIAA SA-DC","author":"Botelle","year":"2002"},{"key":"2024011907231387300_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52149-1.00032-X","volume-title":"Hanseniaspora Zikes (1912). 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