{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T07:21:31Z","timestamp":1773991291958,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]],"date-time":"2020-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Europe has a history rich in examples of successful and problematic introductions of trees with a native origin outside of Europe (non-native trees, NNT). Many international legal frameworks such as treaties and conventions and also the European Union have responded to the global concern about potential negative impacts of NNT that may become invasive in natural ecosystems. It is, however, national and regional legislation in particular that affects current and future management decisions in the forest sector and shapes the landscapes of Europe. We identified all relevant legal instruments regulating NNT, the different legal approaches and the regulatory intensity in 40 European countries (no microstates). Information on hard and effective soft law instruments were collected by means of a targeted questionnaire and consultation of international and national legislation information systems and databases. In total, 335 relevant legal instruments were in place in June\/July 2019 to regulate the use of NNT in the investigated 116 geopolitical legal units (countries as well as sub-national regions with their own legislation). Countries and regions were empirically categorized according to ad hoc-defined legislation indicators. These indicators pay respect to the general bans on the introduction of non-native species, the generally allowed and prohibited NNT, approval mechanisms and specific areas or cases where NNT are restricted or prohibited. Our study revealed a very diverse landscape of legal frameworks across Europe, with a large variety of approaches to regulating NNT being pursued and the intensity of restriction ranging from very few restrictions on species choice and plantation surface area to the complete banning of NNT from forests. The main conclusion is that there is a clear need for more co-ordinated, science-based policies both at the local and international levels to enhance the advantages of NNT and mitigate potential negative effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/cpaa009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]],"date-time":"2020-03-30T19:13:58Z","timestamp":1585595638000},"page":"567-586","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Mapping the patchy legislative landscape of non-native tree species in Europe"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"P\u00f6tzelsberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Peter-Jordan-Stra\u03b2e 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Lapin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Austrian Federal Research Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW) , Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Brundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Adriaens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Management and Invasive Species, ?Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Havenlaan 88 bus 73, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Vlatko","family":"Andonovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cHANS EM\u201d Faculty of Forest Sciences, Landscape Architecture and Environmental Engineering, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, P.O. Box 235, Skopje 1000, North Macedonia"}]},{"given":"Sini\u0161a","family":"Andra\u0161ev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment, University of Novi Sad, Antona \u010cehova 13, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}]},{"given":"Jean-Charles","family":"Bastien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRAE Centre Val de Loire, INRAE (National Research institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment), 2163 Avenue de la Pomme de Pin, 45075 Orleans Cedex 2, France"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Brus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Mili\u0107","family":"\u010curovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnical Faculty, University of Montenegro, Mihaila Lalica 1, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro"}]},{"given":"\u017deljka","family":"\u010curovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Sustainable Development and Tourism, IV proleterske brigade 19, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro"}]},{"given":"Branislav","family":"Cvjetkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry, University of Banja Luka, Bulevar vojvode Stepe Stepanovica 75A, 51000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegowina"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"\u0110odan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Silviculture, Croatian Forest Research Institute, Cvjetno naselje 41, 10 450 Jastrebarsko, Croatia"}]},{"given":"Juan M","family":"Domingo-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agroforestry Science, University of Huelva, ETSI, Campus de El Carmen, 21071 Huelva, Spain"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Gazda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture, Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"given":"Jean-Marc","family":"Henin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Wood Technology, Public Service of Wallonia (SPW), Avenue M. Juin 23, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Hernea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Horticulture and Forestry, Banat\u2019s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine \u201cKing Michael I of Romania\u201d from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Karlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skogforsk, Ekebo 2250, 26890 Sval\u00f6v, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Ljiljana","family":"Ke\u010da","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry, University of Belgrade, 1, Kneza Viseslava Street, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia"}]},{"given":"Sr\u0111an","family":"Keren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture, Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Faculty of Forestry, University of Banja Luka, Bulevar vojvode Stepe Stepanovica 75A, 51000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegowina"}]},{"given":"Zsolt","family":"Keser\u0171","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Research Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Farkassziget 3, H-4150 P\u00fcsp\u00f6klad\u00e1ny, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Thomai","family":"Konstantara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Kroon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skogforsk, Ekebo 2250, 26890 Sval\u00f6v, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Linnaeus University, SE-351 95, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"La Porta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Agroecosystems and Bioresources, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. 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Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia"}]},{"given":"Palle","family":"Madsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"InNovaSilva ApS, H\u2205jen Tang 80, 7100 Vejle, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Dejan","family":"Mandjukovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Enterprise Makedonski sumi, Pero Nakov bb, Kosta Novakovic 12, Skopje 1000, North Macedonia"}]},{"given":"Francisco J","family":"Mar\u00edn Pageo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agroforestry Science, University of Huelva, ETSI, Campus de El Carmen, 21071 Huelva, Spain"}]},{"given":"Vitas","family":"Marozas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forest Science and Ecology, Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, Studentu 11, Akademija 53361, Kaunas, Lithuania"}]},{"given":"Antonin","family":"Martinik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University, Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"William L","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Research Station, Forest Research, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9SY, UK"}]},{"given":"Frits","family":"Mohren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Monteverdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro di Ricerca Foreste e Legno, Council for agricultural research and analysis of the agricultural economy (CREA), Viale Santa Margherita, 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy"}]},{"given":"Charalambos","family":"Neophytou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Peter-Jordan-Stra\u03b2e 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Pat","family":"Neville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coillte Unit 27, Coillte Forest, Danville Business Park, Kilkenny, R95 YT95, Ireland"}]},{"given":"Valeriu-Norocel","family":"Nicolescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transylvania University of Brasov, Sirul Beethoven1, 500123 Brasov, Romania"}]},{"given":"Per Holm","family":"Nygaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), P.O. Box 115, NO-1431 \u00c5s, Norway"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Orazio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EFI Atlantic, European Forest Institute, 69, Route de Arcachon, F-33610 Cestas, France"},{"name":"IEFC Institut Europ\u00e9en de la For\u00eat Cultiv\u00e9e, 69, Route de Arcachon, 33610 Cestas, France"}]},{"given":"Taras","family":"Parpan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoty of Ecology and Forest Protection, Ukrainian Research Institute for Mountain Forestry, Hrushevskoho street, 31, 76018 Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine Sofia, Bulgaria Debrecen, B\u00f6sz\u00f6rm\u00e9nyi \u00dat 138., H-4"}]},{"given":"Sanja","family":"Peri\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Silviculture, Croatian Forest Research Institute, Cvjetno naselje 41, 10 450 Jastrebarsko, Croatia"}]},{"given":"Krasimira","family":"Petkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry, Department of Silviculture, University of 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