{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:52:37Z","timestamp":1776300757350,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>ChatGPT is a variant of the generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) language model that uses large amounts of text-based training data and a transformer architecture to generate human-like text adjusted to the received prompts. ChatGPT presents several advantages in forensic sciences, namely, constituting a virtual assistant to aid lawyers, judges, and victims in managing and interpreting forensic expert data. But what would happen if ChatGPT began to be used to produce forensic expertise reports? Despite its potential applications, the use of ChatGPT and other Large Language Models and artificial intelligence tools in forensic writing also poses ethical and legal concerns, which are discussed in this perspective together with some expected future perspectives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/fsr\/owad039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T12:02:19Z","timestamp":1697716939000},"page":"275-279","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["ChatGPT in forensic sciences: a new Pandora\u2019s box with advantages and challenges to pay attention"],"prefix":"10.3788","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7430-6297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo J","family":"Dinis-Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1H-TOXRUN\u2014One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), CESPU, CRL , Gandra , Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences and Medical Education , Faculty of Medicine, , Porto , Portugal"},{"name":"University of Porto , Faculty of Medicine, , Porto , Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\/REQUIMTE , Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, , R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n\u00b0 33-A, Lisboa , Portugal"},{"name":"University of Porto , Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, , R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n\u00b0 33-A, Lisboa , Portugal"},{"name":"FOREN\u2014Forensic Science Experts , Dr. M\u00e1rio Moutinho Avenue, n.\u00b0 33-A, Lisbon , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui M S","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1H-TOXRUN\u2014One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), CESPU, CRL , Gandra , Portugal"}]}],"member":"2099","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024022423575563500_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e230163","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.230163","article-title":"ChatGPT and other large language models are double-edged swords","volume":"307","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2024022423575563500_ref2","author":"OpenAI","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024022423575563500_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr2214184","article-title":"Benefits, limits, and risks of GPT-4 as an AI chatbot for medicine","volume":"388","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024022423575563500_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169595","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2023.1169595","article-title":"ChatGPT in medicine: an overview of its applications, advantages, limitations, future prospects, and ethical considerations","volume":"6","author":"Dave","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Artif Intell"},{"key":"2024022423575563500_ref5"},{"key":"2024022423575563500_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2022.12.009","article-title":"A conversation with ChatGPT on the role of computational systems biology in stem cell research","volume":"18","author":"Cahan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep"},{"key":"2024022423575563500_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-00288-7","article-title":"ChatGPT: five priorities for research","volume":"614","author":"Dis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024022423575563500_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11019-023-10136-0","article-title":"ChatGPT: evolution or revolution?","volume":"26","author":"Gordijn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Health Care Philos"},{"key":"2024022423575563500_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-00056-7","article-title":"Abstracts written by ChatGPT fool scientists","volume":"613","author":"Else","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024022423575563500_ref10","volume-title":"arXiv","author":"Sadasivan","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024022423575563500_ref11","first-page":"1354","article-title":"Self-diagnosis through AI-enabled chatbot-based symptom checkers: user experiences and design considerations","volume":"2020","author":"You","year":"2020","journal-title":"AMIA Annu Symp Proc"},{"key":"2024022423575563500_ref12","volume-title":"medRxiv","author":"Mehnen"},{"key":"2024022423575563500_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-022-03898-3","article-title":"Analysis of the effect of an artificial intelligence chatbot educational program on non-face-to-face classes: a quasi-experimental study","volume":"22","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"2024022423575563500_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3390\/psychoactives1010002","article-title":"Driving under the influence of psychotropic substances: a technical interpretation","volume":"1","author":"Dinis-Oliveira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychoactives"},{"key":"2024022423575563500_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.3390\/forensicsci2020031","article-title":"The Portuguese Association of Forensic Sciences Model for forensic expert certification: an urgent need and regulation proposal","volume":"2","author":"Dinis-Oliveira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Forensic Sci"},{"key":"2024022423575563500_ref16","volume-title":"What are forensic sciences? Concepts, scope and future perspectives","author":"Dinis-Oliveira","year":"2016"},{"key":"2024022423575563500_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/00258024231191829","article-title":"ChatGPT: forensic, legal, and ethical issues","author":"Guleria","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Sci Law"},{"key":"2024022423575563500_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e223312","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.223312","article-title":"ChatGPT and the future of medical writing","volume":"307","author":"Biswas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2024022423575563500_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12195-022-00754-8","article-title":"A conversation on artificial intelligence, chatbots, and plagiarism in higher education","volume":"16","author":"King","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol Bioeng"},{"key":"2024022423575563500_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0274-8","article-title":"The charm of structural neuroimaging in insanity evaluations: guidelines to avoid misinterpretation of the findings","volume":"8","author":"Scarpazza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024022423575563500_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-022-04437-2","article-title":"Daily briefing: will ChatGPT kill the essay assignment?","author":"Graham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024022423575563500_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/LIX.236.433","article-title":"Computing machinery and intelligence","volume":"LIX","author":"Turing","year":"1950","journal-title":"Mind"},{"key":"2024022423575563500_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2302038","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and machine learning in clinical medicine, 2023","volume":"388","author":"Haug","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024022423575563500_ref24","first-page":"30","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in forensic medicine and forensic dentistry","volume":"41","author":"Vodanovi\u0107","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Forensic Odontostomatol"},{"key":"2024022423575563500_ref25","first-page":"e28376","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in forensic medicine and toxicology: the future of forensic medicine","volume":"14","author":"Wankhade","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2024022423575563500_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034051","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1034051","article-title":"Advances in artificial intelligence-based microbiome for PMI estimation","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Forensic Sciences Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/fsr\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/fsr\/owad039\/54916401\/owad039.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/fsr\/article-pdf\/8\/4\/275\/56752754\/owad039.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/fsr\/article-pdf\/8\/4\/275\/56752754\/owad039.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T14:48:31Z","timestamp":1771339711000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/fsr\/article\/8\/4\/275\/7327093"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/fsr\/owad039","relation":{},"ISSN":["2096-1790","2471-1411"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2096-1790","type":"print"},{"value":"2471-1411","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]]}}}