{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T06:41:01Z","timestamp":1775025661721,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The innate immune system of mammals is formed by a complex web of interacting proteins, which together constitute the first barrier of entry for infectious pathogens. Genes from the E3-ubiquitin ligase tripartite motif (TRIM) family have been shown to play an important role in the innate immune system by restricting the activity of different retrovirus species. For example, TRIM5 and TRIM22 have both been associated with HIV restriction and are regarded as crucial parts of the antiretroviral machinery of mammals. Our analyses of positive selection corroborate the great significance of these genes for some groups of mammals. However, we also show that many species lack TRIM5 and TRIM22 altogether. By analyzing a large number of mammalian genomes, here we provide the first comprehensive view of the evolution of these genes in eutherians, showcasing that the pattern of accumulation of TRIM genes has been dissimilar across mammalian orders. Our data suggest that these differences are caused by the evolutionary plasticity of the immune system of eutherians, which have adapted to use different strategies to combat retrovirus infections. Altogether, our results provide insights into the dissimilar evolution of a representative family of restriction factors, highlighting an example of adaptive and idiosyncratic evolution in the innate immune system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evad209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T08:49:44Z","timestamp":1700470184000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Patterns of Evolution of TRIM Genes Highlight the Evolutionary Plasticity of Antiviral Effectors in Mammals"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6689-3505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre P","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, Universidade do Porto , Vair\u00e3o , Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vair\u00e3o , Vair\u00e3o , Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5138-5367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Molly","family":"OhAinle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley , Berkeley, California , USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6055-8298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro J","family":"Esteves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, Universidade do Porto , Vair\u00e3o , Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vair\u00e3o , Vair\u00e3o , Portugal"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023122915075079500_evad209-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0226202","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226202","article-title":"Not so unique to primates: the independent adaptive evolution of TRIM5 in Lagomorpha lineage","volume":"14","author":"\u00c1gueda-Pinto","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023122915075079500_evad209-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814765","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.814765","article-title":"Positive selection drives the adaptive evolution of mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) proteins-mediating innate immunity in mammals","volume":"8","author":"Ahmad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet 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