{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T06:40:07Z","timestamp":1773384007511,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10001C_189407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10001C_189407"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51NF40-185901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51NF40-185901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Previous studies have shown the importance of individual markers of cognitive reserve, such as education and occupation, for cognitive health in old age. However, there has been only little investigation so far on how this relationship varies across contexts.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We analyzed data from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe, using second-order latent growth models, to assess the moderating role of welfare regimes on the relationship between education and occupation skill level in explaining overall cognitive functioning and decline in old age. Our sample includes 13 European countries using data from 5 regular waves of the survey (2004\u20132007 and 2011\u20132015) and 2 retrospective ones (2008\u20132009 and 2017). Cognitive functioning was modeled as a latent variable measured by immediate and delayed recall, verbal fluency, and numeracy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>74,193 participants were included from the survey. Our analysis showed that the association of education with cognition was weaker overall in Scandinavian countries, but stronger in Southern European countries, relative to Bismarckian ones. However, educational differences in the decline of cognition were more pronounced only in Scandinavian compared to Bismarckian countries. Additionally, higher-skilled occupations in Scandinavian countries had better overall functioning compared to the same occupations in Bismarckian countries, but there was no difference in the decline in cognitive functioning.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our findings indicate that the associations of cognitive functioning and its decline with individuals\u2019 cognitive reserve markers (education and occupational skill level) vary according to welfare regimes, showing the importance of contextual factors in cognitive aging processes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbac013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T20:13:42Z","timestamp":1643141622000},"page":"1615-1624","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["How Welfare Regimes Moderate the Associations Between Cognitive Aging, Education, and Occupation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4131-4148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Orsholits","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research LIVES\u2014Overcoming vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives , Lausanne and Geneva , Switzerland"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Cullati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Laboratory, Department of Community Health, University of Fribourg , Fribourg , Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Readaptation and Geriatrics, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7731-2406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Ghisletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research LIVES\u2014Overcoming vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives , Lausanne and Geneva , Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland"},{"name":"UniDistance Suisse , Brig , Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Marja J","family":"Aartsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA, Norwegian Social Research, Oslo Metropolitan University , Oslo , Norway"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Oris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research LIVES\u2014Overcoming vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives , Lausanne and Geneva , Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Studer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research LIVES\u2014Overcoming vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives , Lausanne and Geneva , Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Demography and Socioeconomics, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Maurer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research LIVES\u2014Overcoming vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives , Lausanne and Geneva , Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Economics, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7383-9806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Perna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry , Munich , Germany"},{"name":"Division of Mental Health of Older Adults, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich , Munich , Germany"}]},{"given":"\u00c9lvio R","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira , Funchal , Portugal"},{"name":"LARSyS, Interactive Technologies Institute , Funchal , Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7706-190X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna R","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland"},{"name":"LARSyS, Interactive Technologies Institute , Funchal , Portugal"},{"name":"Health Administration Institute, Secretary of Health of the Autonomous Region of Madeira , Funchal , Portugal"},{"name":"Saint Joseph of Cluny Higher School of Nursing , Funchal , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Adilson","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon , Lisbon , 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