{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:04:15Z","timestamp":1791356655981,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Population Research Infrastructure Program","award":["P2C HD050924"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2C HD050924"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013192","name":"Carolina Population Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013192","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007890","name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007890","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2CHD066613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2CHD066613"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intensified immigration enforcement is a salient feature of contemporary U.S. sociopolitical environments with implications for healthy aging. This study examines whether immigration arrest rates are associated with working memory in early midlife and whether associations vary across ethnoracial groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using longitudinal data from The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we assessed associations between county-level Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) arrest rates and working memory measured via backward digit span recall at Wave VI. ICE rates were operationalized as the average number of arrests per 1,000 foreign-born adults in the prior year and linked to respondents\u2019 county of residence at Wave V. Poisson regression models estimated associations across ethnoracial groups, with stratified analyses among Latinx and Asian respondents. Sensitivity analysis using multiple imputation assessed robustness to missing data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Latinx respondents residing in counties with higher ICE arrest rates exhibited significantly lower backward digit span recall relative to White respondents. No such associations were observed among Black or Asian respondents. The association was observed among U.S.-born Latinx respondents, and there was no evidence of nativity differences, but statistical power to detect those differences was limited. Sensitivity analyses produced similar results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings suggest that immigration enforcement environments may be unevenly related to cognitive functioning across ethnoracial groups and that these associations may extend to U.S.-born members of racialized communities. By establishing a midlife cognitive benchmark, this study provides a foundation for future research on the relationship between immigration enforcement contexts and cognitive aging trajectories.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbag158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T11:13:48Z","timestamp":1786101228000},"page":"S218-S228","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Immigration arrests and midlife cognitive health in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6646-2919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatima","family":"Touma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, University of Colorado Population Center, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9256-4468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100614343551100_gbag158-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-017-0627-6","article-title":"Interior immigration enforcement and political participation of U.S. citizens in mixed-status households","volume":"54","author":"Amuedo-Dorantes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"2026100614343551100_gbag158-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1080\/02732173.2014.947452","article-title":"Racially charged legislation and Latino health disparities: The case of Arizona\u2019s SB 1070","volume":"34","author":"Anderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sociological Spectrum"},{"key":"2026100614343551100_gbag158-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/luminos.33","volume-title":"Protect, serve, and deport: The rise of policing as immigration enforcement","author":"Armenta","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026100614343551100_gbag158-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.03.010","article-title":"Racialized legal status as a social determinant of health","volume":"199","author":"Asad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"2026100614343551100_gbag158-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1080\/15562948.2017.1306151","article-title":"\u201cVivimos en Jaula de Oro\u201d: The impact of state-level legislation on immigrant Latino families","volume":"16","author":"Ay\u00f3n","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies"},{"key":"2026100614343551100_gbag158-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-021-01162-2","article-title":"Recasting the immigrant health paradox through intersections of legal status and race","volume":"23","author":"Bacong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health"},{"key":"2026100614343551100_gbag158-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"soaf181","DOI":"10.1093\/sf\/soaf181","article-title":"The bodily scars of legal violence: Local immigration enforcement, state immigrant policy, and health inequality","author":"Boen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Social Forces"},{"key":"2026100614343551100_gbag158-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146519884538","article-title":"Longer\u2014but harder\u2014lives? 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