{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T06:10:02Z","timestamp":1748844602804,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaf073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T23:24:31Z","timestamp":1744068271000},"page":"1234-1240","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["To be or not to be a sperm donor: global factors affecting sperm donation in the 21st century"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2917-2546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mina","family":"Mincheva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher , London,","place":["UK"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2870-0140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan J","family":"Fraire-Zamora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EUGIN Group , Barcelona,","place":["Spain"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1849-6270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kashish","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HealthPlus Fertility Center, HealthPlus Network of Specialty Centers , Abu Dhabi,","place":["United Arab Emirates"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9588-3392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Liperis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westmead Fertility Centre, Institute of Reproductive Medicine, University of Sydney , Westmead, NSW,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Embryorigin Fertility Centre , Larnaca,","place":["Cyprus"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8048-9747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar F","family":"Ammar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IVF Department, Ar-Razzi Hospital , Ramadi,","place":["Iraq"]},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, University of Anbar , Ramadi,","place":["Iraq"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2833-8970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jackson","family":"Kirkman-Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human Reproductive Science, The University of Birmingham , Birmingham,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Fertility Centre, Birmingham Women\u2019s & Children\u2019s NHS FT , Birmingham,","place":["UK"]}]},{"given":"Dorte L","family":"Egeberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Sperm Bank , Copenhagen,","place":["Denmark"]}]},{"given":"Mariana Veloso","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto , Porto,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Centre for Psychology, University of Porto , Porto,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8506-0699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucy","family":"Frith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Law, Centre for Social Ethics and Policy, University of Manchester , Manchester,","place":["UK"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1441-4074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Uraji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IVF Laboratory, Kinderwunsch Valentinshof , Hamburg,","place":["Germany"]}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogoh.2023.102690","article-title":"Assisted reproductive technology in France: the reproductive rights of LGBT people","volume":"52","author":"Agopiantz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.2307\/3583340","article-title":"Poor acceptance rate for semen donors to a private cryobank in Nigeria","volume":"7","author":"Akinrinola","year":"2003","journal-title":"Afr J Reprod Health"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s13178-020-00531-0","article-title":"Motivations and attitudes of men towards sperm donation: whom to donate and why?","volume":"19","author":"Areias","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sex Res Soc Policy"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmw006","article-title":"Investigating psychosocial attitudes, motivations and experiences of oocyte donors, recipients and egg sharers: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Bracewell-Milnes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B04777085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/14647273.2019.1622040","article-title":"UK guidelines for the medical and laboratory procurement and use of sperm, oocyte and embryo donors (2019)","volume":"24","author":"Clarke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Fertil"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2006.09.010","article-title":"Donor gametes: anonymous or identified?","volume":"21","author":"Daniels","year":"2007","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1093\/HUMREP\/10.6.1457","article-title":"Pregnancies after testicular sperm extraction and intracytoplasmic sperm injection in non-obstructive azoospermia","volume":"10","author":"Devroey","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-022-02616-8","article-title":"Donor sperm recipients: fertility treatments, trends, and pregnancy outcomes","volume":"39","author":"Diego","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet"},{"year":"2019","author":"Dominus","key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B8"},{"year":"2023","key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B46"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"hoac001","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoac001","article-title":"Good practice recommendations for information provision for those involved in reproductive donation","volume":"2022","author":"ESHRE Working Group on Reproductive Donation","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Open"},{"volume-title":"Laboratory Testing of Non-Partner Sperm Donors\u2014An Assessment of Potential Risks Involved in Changing the Current Testing Protocols for HIV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C","year":"2018","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control","key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B10"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B11","first-page":"48","article-title":"Directive 2004\/23\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 on setting standards of quality and safety for the donation, procurement, testing, processing, preservation, storage and distribution of human tissues and cells","volume":"102","author":"European Commission","year":"2004","journal-title":"Off J Eur Union"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B12","first-page":"40","article-title":"Commission Directive 2006\/17\/EC of 8 February 2006 implementing Directive 2004\/23\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards certain technical requirements for the donation, procurement and testing of human tissues and cells","volume":"38","author":"European Commission","year":"2006","journal-title":"Off J Eur Union"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dew166","article-title":"Online sperm donation: a survey of the demographic characteristics, motivations, preferences and experiences of sperm donors on a connection website","volume":"31","author":"Freeman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.224","article-title":"Assisted reproductive technology with donor sperm: national trends and perinatal outcomes","volume":"218","author":"Gerkowicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dev331","article-title":"Does age of the sperm donor influence live birth outcome in assisted reproduction?","volume":"31","author":"Ghuman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2023.103421","article-title":"Direct-to-consumer genetic testing and the changing landscape of gamete donor conception: key issues for practitioners and stakeholders","volume":"48","author":"Gilman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reprod BioMedicine Online"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2009.61","article-title":"An overview on ethical issues about sperm donation","volume":"11","author":"Gong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001432","article-title":"The exclusion of sperm donation on the basis of sexual practices","volume":"127","author":"Greenwald","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B3088542","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.03.001","article-title":"Donor conceived offspring conceive of the donor: The relevance of age, awareness, and family form","volume":"86","author":"Hertz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2024.05.142","article-title":"An investigation of racial and ethnic disparities in donor sperm availability in the United States","volume":"122","author":"Hobbs","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2019-105637","article-title":"The ethical case for non-directed postmortem sperm donation","volume":"46","author":"Hodson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B5199008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1230621","article-title":"Genetic testing of sperm donors in China: a survey of current practices","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"year":"2022","author":"Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority","key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B21"},{"year":"2022","author":"Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority","key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B22"},{"year":"2023","author":"Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority","key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B23"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12667","article-title":"The role of age of disclosure of biological origins in the psychological wellbeing of adolescents conceived by reproductive donation: a longitudinal study from age 1 to age 14","volume":"58","author":"Ilioi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e58","DOI":"10.1097\/GRH.0000000000000058","article-title":"International Federation of Fertility Societies\u2019 Surveillance (IFFS). International Federation of Fertility Societies\u2019 Surveillance (IFFS) 2022: Global Trends in Reproductive Policy and Practice, 9th edition","volume":"7","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob Reprod Health"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xfre.2023.10.005","article-title":"Management considerations for clinically relevant findings on expanded carrier screening in a sperm donor applicant population","volume":"4","author":"Isley","year":"2023","journal-title":"F&S Rep"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2024.104056","article-title":"International variability in regulatory requirements for sperm donors","volume":"48","author":"Isley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reprod BioMedicine Online"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2015.01.018","article-title":"Evolving minimum standards in responsible international sperm donor offspring quota","volume":"30","author":"Janssens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod BioMedicine Online"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deab028","article-title":"Analysis of the screening results of 24040 potential sperm donors in a human sperm bank in Henan Province, China: a 14-year retrospective cohort study","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.11.032","article-title":"Ethical quandaries around expanded carrier screening in third-party reproduction","volume":"109","author":"Mertes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.01.014","article-title":"Clarifying the relationship between total motile sperm counts and intrauterine insemination pregnancy rates","volume":"115","author":"Muthigi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deac264","article-title":"An analysis of the outcome of 11 712 men applying to be sperm donors in Denmark and the USA","volume":"38","author":"Pacey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)92425-F","article-title":"Pregnancies after intracytoplasmic injection of single spermatozoon into an oocyte","volume":"340","author":"Palermo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dei354","article-title":"Recruitment of sperm donors: the Newcastle-upon-Tyne experience 1994\u20132003","volume":"21","author":"Paul","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-021-02289-9","article-title":"Maintaining an adequate sperm donor pool: modifying the medical criteria for sperm donor selection","volume":"38","author":"Pennings","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deae004","article-title":"Should a gamete bank verify the non-medical information provided by a donor?","volume":"39","author":"Pennings","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1038\/s41436-018-0331-y","article-title":"Comparing ethnicity-based and expanded carrier screening methods at a single fertility center reveals significant differences in carrier rates and carrier couple rates","volume":"21","author":"Peyser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genet Med"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)60690-8","article-title":"Causes of donor rejection in a sperm banking program","volume":"51","author":"Schroeder-Jenkins","year":"1989","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12610-024-00231-4","article-title":"The storage time of cryopreserved human spermatozoa does not affect pathways involved in fertility","volume":"34","author":"Stigliani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Basic Clin Androl"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17892","article-title":"Comparing the psychological outcomes of donor and non-donor conceived people: a systematic review","volume":"131","author":"Talbot","year":"2024","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644591","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2022.644591","article-title":"Are UK policies and practices for regulated donor insemination forcing women to find unregulated sperm donors online? A perspective on the available evidence","volume":"3","author":"Taylor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Glob Womens Health"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.06.014","article-title":"Motivations and attitudes of candidate sperm donors in Belgium","volume":"108","author":"Thijssen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/den279","article-title":"Semen donors in Germany: a study exploring motivations and attitudes","volume":"23","author":"Thorn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"year":"2023","author":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration","key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B44"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dew037","article-title":"Psychosocial counselling of identifiable sperm donors","volume":"31","author":"Visser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B47","article-title":"FDA to drop ban on sperm donations from gay and bisexual men","author":"Whyte","year":"2024","journal-title":"Wall Street J"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xfre.2022.12.004","article-title":"Sperm donor attitudes and experiences with direct-to-consumer genetic testing","volume":"4","author":"Wodoslawsky","year":"2023","journal-title":"F&S Rep"},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B49","volume-title":"WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2021","edition":"6th edn."},{"key":"2025060201522727400_deaf073-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey088","article-title":"The perspectives of adolescents conceived using surrogacy, egg or sperm donation","volume":"33","author":"Zadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"}],"container-title":["Human Reproduction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/humrep\/article-pdf\/40\/6\/1234\/63002877\/deaf073.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/humrep\/article-pdf\/40\/6\/1234\/63002877\/deaf073.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T05:52:45Z","timestamp":1748843565000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/humrep\/article\/40\/6\/1234\/8119386"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/deaf073","relation":{},"ISSN":["0268-1161","1460-2350"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0268-1161"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1460-2350"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]}}}