{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T22:24:07Z","timestamp":1773354247293,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Iran's January 2020 missile attacks on US military bases in Iraq following the assassination of Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps General Qasem Soleimani correspond to a stark change of Iran's approach. Iran has namely abstained from using its ballistic missile program (BMP), which was only used twice after the 1980\u201388 Iran\u2013Iraq War: in 2017 and 2018, in both instances in retaliation against ISIS attacks. The article explores the change in Iran's employment of its BMP from a strategic culture perspective while paying special attention to the principles of Shi'a Islam, which form a particular discursive habitat in which Iran's strategic actions are framed and rationalized. Iran's approach to the BMP is thus inseparable from qisas (retaliation), while obeying the overarching principle of maslahat; but also characterized by the varying importance of the the principles zarare aghall, ezterar and nafye sabil. We conclude that a perspective focusing on religious principles can contribute to our understanding of strategic cultural change, in what concerns its possible orientation, range and limits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ia\/iiab234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]],"date-time":"2022-03-07T06:06:08Z","timestamp":1646633168000},"page":"675-688","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Shi'a principles and Iran's strategic culture towards ballistic missile deployment"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Eslami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alena","family":"Vysotskaya Guedes Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]]},"container-title":["International Affairs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ia\/article-pdf\/98\/2\/675\/43371975\/iiab234.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ia\/article-pdf\/98\/2\/675\/43371975\/iiab234.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T10:18:07Z","timestamp":1649845087000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ia\/article\/98\/2\/675\/6540776"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ia\/iiab234","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-5850","1468-2346"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-5850","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2346","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}}}