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Nature positive approaches have been proposed to promote biodiversity gain and improve ecosystem resilience. At the same time, coexistence has been considered a way to mitigate the race for ocean space and better integrate the development of the OWF industry. Here, we provide a systematic narrative synthesis review on nature positive approaches and coexistence in OWFs. We observed an increased interest in the topics over the last 5 years, with most of the documents coming from the northern hemisphere, in particular Europe and the North Sea. Literature is mostly related to bottom-fixed turbines, with relatively fewer documents available regarding floating offshore wind, which is a nascent industry. There is a lack of long-term in situ assessments of the impact of nature positive approaches. Whilst there are various biodiversity impacts of OWFs, the literature highlights the artificial reef effect and biodiversity protection and gain (diversity and abundance) for ecological and economically relevant groups. Coexistence strategies with OWF, such as fisheries, aquaculture, and marine-protected areas, bring positive and negative outcomes for the environment, and further investigation on their integration should be explored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsad191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T10:25:04Z","timestamp":1701771904000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A synthesis review of nature positive approaches and coexistence in the offshore wind industry"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2323-6342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos Farias","family":"Pardo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) , Jon Lilletuns vei 3, 4879 Grimstad ,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"University of Agder (UiA), Centre for Coastal Research , P.O. Box 422, NO-4604 Kristiansand ,","place":["Norway"]}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Aune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akvaplan-niva AS, The Fram Centre , Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, 9007 Troms\u00f8 ,","place":["Norway"]}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Harman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Offshore Wind , P.O. Box 93, N-4299 Avaldsnes ,","place":["Norway"]}]},{"given":"Mats","family":"Walday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) , Jon Lilletuns vei 3, 4879 Grimstad ,","place":["Norway"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7674-8918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solrun Figenschau","family":"Skjellum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) , Jon Lilletuns vei 3, 4879 Grimstad ,","place":["Norway"]}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025040415520313300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111119","article-title":"Introducing offshore wind energy in the sea space: Canary Islands case study developed under Maritime Spatial Planning principles","volume":"145","author":"Abramic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"key":"2025040415520313300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s10152-009-0156-9","article-title":"Epibenthic colonization of concrete and steel pilings in a cold-temperate embayment: a field experiment","volume":"63","author":"Andersson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Helgoland Mar Res"},{"key":"2025040415520313300_bib3","author":"Annelies","year":"2021","journal-title":"Continued Expansion of the Artificial Reef Effect in Soft-Sediment Epibenthos and Demersal Fish Assemblages in Two Established (10 years) Belgian Offshore Wind Farms"},{"key":"2025040415520313300_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2013.09.002","article-title":"The potential of offshore windfarms to act as marine protected areas - a systematic review of current evidence","volume":"45","author":"Ashley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar Pol"},{"key":"2025040415520313300_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2020.104082","article-title":"Food safety during seaweed cultivation at offshore wind farms: an exploratory study in the North Sea","volume":"120","author":"Banach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar Pol"},{"key":"2025040415520313300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2014.04.007","article-title":"A Sustainability Index of potential co-location of offshore wind farms and open water aquaculture","volume":"95","author":"Benassai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ocean Coast Manag"},{"key":"2025040415520313300_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2020.105053","article-title":"Colonisation of wave power foundations by mobile mega- and macrofauna \u2013 a 12 year study","volume":"161","author":"Bender","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar Environ Res"},{"key":"2025040415520313300_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.CH.2021.04(en)","article-title":"Mitigating biodiversity impacts associated with solar and wind energy development: guidelines for project developers. 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