{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T21:21:11Z","timestamp":1777152071772,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]],"date-time":"2024-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["309512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309512"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Uncrewed surface vehicles (USVs) equipped with echosounders have the potential to replace or enhance acoustic observations from conventional research vessels (RVs), increase spatial and temporal coverage, and reduce cost and carbon emission. We discuss the objectives, system requirements, infrastructure, and regulations for using USVs with echosounders to conduct ecological experiments, acoustic-trawl surveys, and long-term monitoring. We present four example applications of USVs with lengths &amp;lt;8\u2009m, and highlight some advantages and disadvantages relative to RV-based data acquisitions. Sail-driven USVs operate continuously for months and are more mature than motorized USVs, but they are slower. To maintain the pace of an RV, multiple sail-powered USVs sample in coordination. In comparison, motorized USVs can travel as fast as RVs and therefore may facilitate a combined survey, interleaving USV and RV transects, with RV-based biological sampling. Important considerations for all USVs include platform design, noise and transducer motion mitigation, communications and operations infrastructure, onboard data processing, biological sampling approach, and legal requirements. This technology is evolving and applied in multiple disciplines, but further development and institutional commitment are needed to allow USVs equipped with echosounders to become ubiquitous and useful components of a worldwide network of autonomous ocean observation platforms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsae130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]],"date-time":"2024-09-17T17:09:47Z","timestamp":1726592987000},"page":"1712-1723","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Uncrewed surface vehicles (USVs) as platforms for fisheries and plankton acoustics"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9708-9042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nils Olav","family":"Handegard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Research, Research Group Acoustics and Observation Methodologies , Bergen 5004 ,","place":["Norway"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6268-0791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"De\u00a0Robertis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOAA Fisheries, Alaska Fisheries Science Center , Seattle, WA 98115 ,","place":["United States"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1225-1144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arne Johannes","family":"Holmin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Research, Research Group Pelagic Fish , Bergen 5005 ,","place":["Norway"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8213-6750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Espen","family":"Johnsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Research, Research Group Pelagic Fish , Bergen 5005 ,","place":["Norway"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2372-7873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heriot-Watt University, The Lyell Centre , Edinburgh, Scotland, UK EH14 4AS ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3881-4233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naig","family":"Le\u00a0Bouffant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ifremer Centre de Brest , Plouzan\u00e9 29280 ,","place":["France"]}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"O'Driscoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research , Wellington 6021 ,","place":["New Zealand"]}]},{"given":"David","family":"Peddie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Offshore Sensing AS , Sandsli 5254 ,","place":["Norway"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6202-2745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geir","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Research, Research Group Acoustics and Observation Methodologies , Bergen 5004 ,","place":["Norway"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7381-4855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Priou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akvaplan-niva AS, Environmental Impacts , Troms\u00f8 9007 ,","place":["Norway"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4643-7606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rabea","family":"Rogge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akvaplan-niva AS, Environmental Impacts , Troms\u00f8 9007 ,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Marine Technology , Trondheim 7034 ,","place":["Norway"]}]},{"given":"Mikal","family":"Samuelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Research, Research Vessel Department , Bergen 5004 ,","place":["Norway"]}]},{"given":"David A","family":"Demer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOAA Fisheries, Office of Science and Technology , La Jolla, CA 92037 ,","place":["United States"]}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2022.103733","article-title":"Mid-summer vertical behavior of a high-latitude oceanic zooplankton community","volume":"230","author":"Bandara","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Mar Syst"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1002\/lom3.10278","article-title":"Equipping an underwater glider with a new echosounder to explore ocean ecosystems","volume":"16","author":"Benoit-Bird","year":"2018","journal-title":"Limnol Oceanogr Methods"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3354\/meps13157","article-title":"Dynamic foraging by Risso\u2019s dolphins revealed in four dimensions","volume":"632","author":"Benoit-Bird","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib5","volume-title":"Spatiotemporal Variation in the Growth and Size Distributions of Lesser Sandeel (Ammodytes marinus) in the North-eastern North Sea","author":"Berge","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214798","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2023.1214798","article-title":"Using age compositions derived from spatio-temporal models and acoustic data collected by uncrewed surface vessels to estimate Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) biomass-at-age","volume":"10","author":"Bolser","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Mar Sci"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsz235","article-title":"Acoustic classification in multifrequency echosounder data using deep convolutional neural networks","volume":"77","author":"Brautaset","year":"2020","journal-title":"ICES J Mar Sci"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.4319\/lom.2006.4.18","article-title":"Use of moored acoustic instruments to measure short-term variability in abundance of Antarctic krill","volume":"4","author":"Brierley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Limnol Oceanogr Methods"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1121\/1.389154","article-title":"High-frequency sound attenuation caused by the wind-generated bubble layer in the open sea","volume":"73","author":"Bruno","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fss155","article-title":"Fish avoidance of research vessels and the efficacy of noise-reduced vessels: a review","volume":"70","author":"De\u00a0Robertis","year":"2013","journal-title":"ICES J Mar Sci"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsz124","article-title":"Long-term measurements of fish backscatter from Saildrone unmanned surface vehicles and comparison with observations from a noise-reduced research vessel","volume":"76","author":"De\u00a0Robertis","year":"2019","journal-title":"ICES J Mar Sci"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsab155","article-title":"Uncrewed surface vehicle (USV) survey of walleye pollock, Gadus chalcogrammus, in response to the cancellation of ship-based surveys","volume":"78","author":"De\u00a0Robertis","year":"2021","journal-title":"ICES J Mar Sci"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib10","article-title":"Evaluation of a wideband echosounder for fisheries and marine ecosystem science","volume-title":"ICES Cooperative Research Report","author":"Demer","year":"2017"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib12","article-title":"Calibration of acoustic instruments","author":"Demer","year":"2015","journal-title":"ICES Cooperative Research Reports (CRR)"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib11","first-page":"52","article-title":"Prediction and confirmation of seasonal migration of Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) in the California Current Ecosystem","volume":"110","author":"Demer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fish Bull"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2005927","article-title":"Correcting echo-integration data for transducer motion","volume":"118","author":"Dunford","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2023.106817","article-title":"Fish avoidance of ships during acoustic surveys tested with quiet uncrewed surface vessels","volume":"267","author":"Evans","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fish Res"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1038\/35025149","article-title":"Fish do not avoid survey vessels","volume":"407","author":"Fernandes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-3139(03)00038-9","article-title":"Autonomous underwater vehicles: future platforms for fisheries acoustics","volume":"60","author":"Fernandes","year":"2003","journal-title":"ICES J Mar Sci"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_doi54_995_085624","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2014.82","article-title":"A wave glider approach to fisheries acoustics transforming how we monitor the nation\u2019s commercial fisheries in the 21st Century","volume":"27","author":"Greene","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oceanography"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.4319\/lom.2014.12.373","article-title":"An assessment of the use of ocean gliders to undertake acoustic measurements of zooplankton: the distribution and density of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) in the Weddell Sea","volume":"12","author":"Guihen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Limnol Oceanogr Methods"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib21","article-title":"Survey report for CRIMAC SFI 2023. 45. Havforskningsinstituttet","author":"Handegard","year":"2024"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib22","article-title":"Development of a goal-based instrument for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS)","volume-title":"Report of the MSC-LEG-FAL Joint Working Group on Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) on Its Second Session, MSC 107\/5\/1","author":"IMO","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib23","article-title":"Collecting quality echosounder data in inclement weather","author":"Jech","year":"2021","journal-title":"ICES Cooperative Research Reports (CRR)"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsp091","article-title":"Size-dependent frequency response of sandeel schools","volume":"66","author":"Johnsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"ICES J Mar Sci"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib25","volume-title":"Spatiotemporal Dynamics in the Acoustic Backscatter of Plankton and Lesser Sandeel (Ammodytes marinus) in the North Sea Measured Using a Saildrone","author":"Komiyama","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib26","first-page":"104","article-title":"Acoustic target classification","volume-title":"ICES Cooperative Research Report, No. 344","author":"Korneliussen","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3354\/meps13224","article-title":"Test of unmanned surface vehicles to conduct remote focal follow studies of a marine predator","volume":"635","author":"Kuhn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fsae083","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsae083","article-title":"Structure size may affect fish density around oil platforms","author":"Lawrence","year":"2024","journal-title":"ICES J Mar Sci"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.11671","article-title":"Autonomous vehicle surveys indicate that flow reversals retain juvenile fishes in a highly advective high-latitude ecosystem","volume":"66","author":"Levine","year":"2021","journal-title":"Limnol Oceanogr"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaap9887","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aap9887","article-title":"Use of an autonomous surface vehicle reveals small-scale diel vertical migrations of zooplankton and susceptibility to light pollution under low solar irradiance","volume":"4","author":"Ludvigsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib31","volume-title":"Fisheries Acoustics.\u00a0Fish and Aquatic Resources Series 10","author":"MacLennan","year":"2005"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib32","volume-title":"Autonomous Ship Operation in New Zealand","author":"Maritime New Zealand","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib33","first-page":"36","article-title":"DriX operations from E\/V Nautilus","volume":"36","author":"Mayer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oceanography"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00448","article-title":"Public\u2013private partnerships to advance regional ocean-observing capabilities: a Saildrone and NOAA-PMEL case study and future considerations to expand to global scale observing","volume":"6","author":"Meinig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Mar Sci"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics5010004","article-title":"Sensor fusion and autonomy as a powerful combination for biological assessment in the marine environment","volume":"5","author":"Moline","year":"2016","journal-title":"Robotics"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2017.230","article-title":"Advances in ecosystem research: saildrone surveys of oceanography, fish, and marine mammals in the Bering Sea","volume":"30","author":"Mordy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oceanography"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib37","volume-title":"NASA Systems Engineering Handbook","author":"NASA","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icesjms.2004.07.002","article-title":"Behaviour of herring (Clupea harengus L.) towards an approaching autonomous underwater vehicle","volume":"61","author":"Patel","year":"2004","journal-title":"ICES J Mar Sci"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fsae048","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsae048","article-title":"Broadband backscattering by Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus L.) differs when measured from a research vessel vs. a silent uncrewed surface vehicle","author":"Pedersen","year":"2024","journal-title":"ICES J Mar Sci"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_doi55_897_104324","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsw055","article-title":"Optimizing transmit interval and logging range while avoiding aliased seabed echoes","volume":"73","author":"Renfree","year":"2016","journal-title":"ICES Journal of Marine Science"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib40","first-page":"27","volume-title":"Calibrations of Wide-Bandwidth Transceivers (Wbt Mini) with Dual-Frequency Transducers (Es38-18\/200-18c) for Saildrone Surveys of the California Current Ecosystem during Summer 2018","author":"Renfree","year":"2019"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2020.103158","article-title":"Evaluation of unmanned surface vehicle acoustics for gas seep detection in shallow coastal waters","volume":"102","author":"Scoulding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Greenhouse Gas Control"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20212613","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2021.2613","article-title":"Environmental DNA provides quantitative estimates of Pacific hake abundance and distribution in the open ocean","volume":"289","author":"Shelton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib43","article-title":"Guidance in connection with the construction or installation of automated functionality aimed at performing unmanned or partially unmanned operations","author":"Sj\u00f8fartsdirektoratet","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib44","article-title":"Testing of trawl-acoustic stock estimation of spawning capelin 2020. 47. Havforskningsinstituttet","author":"Skaret","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1121\/1.388175","article-title":"Effects on transducer motion on echo-integration techniques","volume":"72","author":"Stanton","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib50","first-page":"85","volume-title":"Distribution, Biomass, and Demographics of Coastal Pelagic Fishes in the California Current Ecosystem during Summer 2022 Based on Acoustic-trawl Sampling","author":"Stierhoff","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib46","first-page":"86","volume-title":"Distribution, Biomass, and Demographics of Coastal Pelagic Fishes in the California Current Ecosystem during Summer 2021 Based on Acoustic-trawl Sampling","author":"Stierhoff","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib47","first-page":"81","author":"Stierhoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Distribution, Biomass, and Demography of Coastal Pelagic Fishes in the California Current Ecosystem during Summer 2018 Based on Acoustic-Trawl Sampling"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib48","first-page":"80","author":"Stierhoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Distribution, Biomass, and Demography of Coastal Pelagic Fishes in the California Current Ecosystem during Summer 2019 Based on Acoustic-Trawl Sampling"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib49","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Report on the Summer 2019 California Current Ecosystem Survey (1907RL), 13 June to 9 September 2019, Conducted aboard NOAA Ship Reuben Lasker, Fishing Vessels Lisa Marie and Long Beach Carnage, and Three Unmanned Sailboats","author":"Stierhoff","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib51","first-page":"525","article-title":"Ocean Robotics in Support of Fisheries Research and Management","volume-title":"Afr J Mar Sci","author":"Swart","year":"2016"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986752","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.986752","article-title":"Kayak Drone\u2014a silent acoustic unmanned surface vehicle for marine research","volume":"9","author":"Totland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Mar Sci"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsp037","article-title":"Quantifying and reducing the surface blind zone and the seabed dead zone using new technology","volume":"66","author":"Totland","year":"2009","journal-title":"ICES J Mar Sci"},{"key":"2024112623513051200_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.01.009","article-title":"A review of unmanned vehicles for the detection and monitoring of marine fauna","volume":"140","author":"Verfuss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar Pollut Bull"}],"container-title":["ICES Journal of Marine Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/article-pdf\/81\/9\/1712\/60778383\/fsae130.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/article-pdf\/81\/9\/1712\/60778383\/fsae130.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T23:52:32Z","timestamp":1732665152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/article\/81\/9\/1712\/7758880"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Pavanee","family":"Annasawmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/icesjms\/fsae130","relation":{},"ISSN":["1054-3139","1095-9289"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1054-3139","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9289","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]]}}}