{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T09:56:43Z","timestamp":1775037403445,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Zwolinski, J., Morais, A., Marques, V., Stratoudakis, Y., and Fernandes, P. G. 2007. Diel variation in the vertical distribution and schooling behaviour of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) off Portugal. \u2013 ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 963\u2013972. Diel patterns in the schooling behaviour and vertical distribution of pelagic fish schools were studied by examining their echotraces from repeated acoustic survey transects at three inshore sites off the Portuguese coast. At two sites, sardine was the dominant pelagic species, and echotrace characteristics of fish schools were similar to those reported in the literature. At the third site, where there was a multispecies pelagic assemblage that included sardine, there was more variability in several of the school descriptors. At all sites, fish schools expanded after sunset, enlarging their cross-sectional area along the horizontal plane and reducing their mean internal acoustic density, while maintaining their overall mean abundance. Downward migration was rapid (within 1 h) after sunset and simultaneous with school expansion. School-like aggregations with total backscattering similar to daytime schools were present throughout the night, although the proportion of small schools and scattered fish appeared to increase at that time. At dawn, sardine rose back up the water column and rapidly reformed into the typical daytime schools. This pattern of diel vertical migration is opposite to that described for most clupeoids worldwide. The implications of this behaviour on abundance estimation by acoustic monitoring surveys for small pelagic fish are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsm075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,25]],"date-time":"2007-07-25T19:23:13Z","timestamp":1185391393000},"page":"963-972","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Diel variation in the vertical distribution and schooling behaviour of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) off Portugal"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Juan","family":"Zwolinski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o das Pescas e do MAR (INIAP-IPIMAR), Av. Bras\u00edlia s\/n, 1449\u2013006 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o das Pescas e do MAR (INIAP-IPIMAR), Av. Bras\u00edlia s\/n, 1449\u2013006 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Vitor","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o das Pescas e do MAR (INIAP-IPIMAR), Av. Bras\u00edlia s\/n, 1449\u2013006 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Yorgos","family":"Stratoudakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o das Pescas e do MAR (INIAP-IPIMAR), Av. Bras\u00edlia s\/n, 1449\u2013006 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paul G.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FRS Marine Laboratory Aberdeen, PO Box 101, Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019081300252478300_FSM075C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icesjms.2004.07.006","article-title":"Diel patterns in pelagic fish behaviour and distribution observed from a stationary, bottom-mounted, and upward-facing transducer","volume":"61","author":"Axenrot","year":"2004","journal-title":"ICES Journal of Marine Science"},{"key":"2019081300252478300_FSM075C2","first-page":"471","article-title":"Relationships between the forms of pelagic fish distribution and nycthemeral periods. 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