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They are identified mainly using their chitinized upper and lower beaks, but because it has been assumed that the number of upper and lower beaks would be the same in predator diet samples, more effort has been put into creating keys for the lower beaks, which are more easily identifiable from morphology. A test is made of whether the number of upper and lower beaks differs in diet samples collected from a major cephalopod predator, the wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans), potential biases in the estimation of predator diets are assessed, and upper:lower beak ratios in published studies of other seabirds, seals, whales, and fish from different parts of the world reviewed. The ratio of upper to lower beaks in diet samples from wandering albatrosses varied greatly in a single year (from 69.6% more lower beaks to 59% more upper beaks), and between years (from 0.5 to 32.1% more upper beaks), and biases were greater for certain cephalopod species, resulting in underestimation of their relative importance. Future studies need to consider using both upper and lower beaks to improve the assessment of the contribution of different cephalopods to predator diets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsr103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,18]],"date-time":"2011-06-18T03:54:48Z","timestamp":1308369288000},"page":"1857-1864","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Cephalopods in marine predator diet assessments: why identifying upper and lower beaks is important"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 C.","family":"Xavier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Marine Research, University of Coimbra, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK"}]},{"given":"Yves","family":"Cherel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chiz\u00e9, UPR 1934 du CNRS, BP 14, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019081300462886300_FSR103C1","first-page":"1139","article-title":"Nature of the food of the cachalot","volume":"101","author":"Akimushkin","year":"1955","journal-title":"Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR"},{"key":"2019081300462886300_FSR103C2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparative feeding ecology of seabirds of a tropical oceanic island","volume":"24","author":"Ashmole","year":"1967","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History"},{"key":"2019081300462886300_FSR103C3","first-page":"55","article-title":"Cephalopods in the diet of Magellanic penguins Spheniscus magellanicus found on the coast of 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