{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T18:35:00Z","timestamp":1773513300397,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,3]],"date-time":"2019-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union Horizon 2020 Programme"},{"name":"MERCES"},{"name":"Marine Ecosystem Restoration in Changing European Seas","award":["689518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["689518"]}]},{"name":"NWO Domain Applied and Engineering Sciences","award":["14494"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14494"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>As decommissioning of oil and gas (O&amp;G) installations intensifies in the North Sea, and worldwide, debate rages regarding the fate of these novel habitats and their associated biota\u2014a debate that has important implications for future decommissioning of offshore wind farms (OWFs). Calls to relax complete removal requirements in some circumstances and allow part of an O&amp;G installation to be left in the marine environment are increasing. Yet knowledge regarding the biological communities that develop on these structures and their ecological role in the North Sea is currently insufficient to inform such decommissioning decisions. To focus debate regarding decommissioning policy and guide ecological research, we review environmental policy objectives in the region, summarize existing knowledge regarding ecological aspects of decommissioning for both O&amp;G and OWF installations, and identify approaches to address knowledge gaps through science\u2013industry collaboration. We find that in some cases complete removal will conflict with other policies regarding protection and restoration of reefs, as well as the conservation of species within the region. Key ecological considerations that are rarely considered during decommissioning decisions are: (i) provision of reef habitat, (ii) productivity of offshore ecosystems, (iii) enhancement of biodiversity, (iv) protection of the seabed from trawling, and (v) enhancement of connectivity. Knowledge gaps within these areas will best be addressed using industry infrastructure and vessels for scientific investigations, re-analysis of historical data held by industry, scientific training of industry personnel, joint research funding opportunities, and trial decommissioning projects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsz143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,5]],"date-time":"2019-07-05T11:09:32Z","timestamp":1562324972000},"page":"1109-1126","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["The ecology of infrastructure decommissioning in the North Sea: what we need to know and how to achieve it"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3075-7066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A M","family":"Fowler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fish Ecology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"},{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia"}]},{"given":"A -M","family":"J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eco-Effective Strategies, Galileiplantsoen 14, 1098 NA Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8127-6097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J W P","family":"Coolen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wageningen Marine Research (Formerly IMARES), PO Box 57, 1780 AB Den Helder, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"D O B","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK"}]},{"given":"J C","family":"Svendsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU Aqua), Technical University of Denmark, Building 201, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6488-2047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R","family":"Brabant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), Operational Directorate Natural Environment (ODNature), Marine Ecology and Management (MARECO), Vautierstraat 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Rumes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), Operational Directorate Natural Environment (ODNature), Marine Ecology and Management (MARECO), Vautierstraat 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Degraer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), Operational Directorate Natural Environment (ODNature), Marine Ecology and Management (MARECO), Vautierstraat 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12207","article-title":"Offshore marine renewable energy devices as stepping stones across biogeographical boundaries","volume":"51","author":"Adams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Ecology"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1071\/MF09117","article-title":"Fish and sessile assemblages associated with wind-turbine constructions in the Baltic Sea","volume":"61","author":"Andersson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Marine and Freshwater Research"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B3","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B4","first-page":"25","article-title":"The influence of man-made structures in the North Sea (INSITE): synthesis and assessment of Phase 1","author":"Bakke","year":"2018","journal-title":"INSITE Independent Scientific Advisory Board"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601.","DOI":"10.1038\/45127","article-title":"Coral growing on North Sea oil rigs","volume":"402","author":"Bell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/aqc.635","article-title":"The disappearance of oysters from the Wadden Sea: a cautionary tale for no-take zones","volume":"15","author":"Berghahn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2018.07.077","article-title":"Oil and gas infrastructure decommissioning in marine protected areas: system complexity, analysis and challenges","volume":"135","author":"Burdon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Marine Pollution Bulletin"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B8","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2011.02048.x","article-title":"Beyond species: functional diversity and the maintenance of ecological processes and services","volume":"48","author":"Cadotte","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Ecology"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15462","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1411477111","article-title":"Oil platforms off California are among the most productive marine fish habitats globally","volume":"111","author":"Claisse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B11","first-page":"50","volume-title":"Decommissioning of Offshore Installations","year":"2011"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B12","first-page":"320","volume-title":"Environmental Statement for the Decommissioning of the Murchison Facilities","year":"2013"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B13","first-page":"203","volume-title":"North Sea reefs. Benthic biodiversity of artificial and rocky reefs in the southern North Sea","author":"Coolen","year":"2017"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.3391\/ai.2016.11.4.08","article-title":"Distribution of the invasive Caprella mutica Schurin, 1935 and native Caprella linearis Linnaeus, 1767 on artificial hard substrates in the North Sea: separation by habitat","volume":"11","author":"Coolen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquatic Invasions"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsy092","article-title":"Benthic biodiversity on old platforms, young wind farms and rocky reefs","author":"Coolen","year":"2018","journal-title":"ICES Journal of Marine Science"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.18174\/424244","volume-title":"RECON: Reef effect structures in the North Sea, islands or connections? Report C074\/17A","author":"Coolen","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B17","year":"1992"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S300","DOI":"10.1006\/jmsc.2002.1293","article-title":"Environmental and socio-economic impact assessment of Ekoreef, a multiple platform rigs-to-reefs development","volume":"59","author":"Cripps","year":"2002","journal-title":"ICES Journal of Marine Science"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B19","first-page":"26","volume-title":"Definition af Biogene Rev. Final Report (in Danish). Milj\u00f8projekt nr. 1992.","author":"Dahl","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00338-012-0937-5","article-title":"Fine-scale spatial genetic structure and clonal distribution of the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa","volume":"31","author":"Dahl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Coral Reefs"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B21","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Understanding the influence of man-made structures on the ecosystem functions of the North Sea (UNDINE)","author":"Dannheim","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B22","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Public Report Final","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B23","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Guidance Notes. Decommissioning of Offshore Oil and Gas Installations and Pipelines","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2016.08.016","article-title":"Seabirds and offshore wind farms in European waters: avoidance and attraction","volume":"202","author":"Dierschke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biological Conservation"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B25","year":"2006"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2005.08.023","article-title":"Decommissioning of offshore oil and gas facilities: a comparative assessment of different scenarios","volume":"79","author":"Ekins","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B200","year":"2015"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B27","first-page":"85","volume-title":"Commission Notice \u201cManaging Natura 2000 sites: the provisions of Article 6 of the \u2018Habitats\u2019 Directive 92\/43\/EEC\u201d","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B28","first-page":"142","volume-title":"The Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats\u2014EUR 28","year":"2013"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B29","first-page":"35","volume-title":"EEA Report No 3\/2015","year":"2015"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B30","first-page":"19","article-title":"Directive 2008\/56\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 establishing a framework for community action in the field of marine environmental policy (Marine Strategy Framework Directive)","year":"2008","journal-title":"Official Journal of the European Communities"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2018.01.009","article-title":"Protection alone may not promote natural recovery of biogenic habitats of high biodiversity damaged by mobile fishing gears","volume":"135","author":"Fari\u00f1as-Franco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Marine Environmental Research"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B32","article-title":"Ecological best practice in decommissioning: a review of scientific research","author":"Fortune","year":"2018","journal-title":"ICES Journal of Marine Science"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2013.10.019","article-title":"A multi-criteria decision approach to decommissioning of offshore oil and gas infrastructure","volume":"87","author":"Fowler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ocean and Coastal Management"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1002\/fee.1827","article-title":"Environmental benefits of leaving offshore infrastructure in the ocean","volume":"16","author":"Fowler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.2006.00510.x","article-title":"Information needs to support environmental impact assessment of the effects of European marine offshore wind farms on birds","volume":"148","author":"Fox","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ibis"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3354\/meps11534","article-title":"Potential influence of offshore oil and gas platforms on the feeding ecology of fish assemblages in the North Sea","volume":"542","author":"Fujii","year":"2016","journal-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2005.10.002","article-title":"The occurrence of the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinia) on oil and gas platforms in the North Sea: colony growth, recruitment and environmental controls on distribution","volume":"52","author":"Gass","year":"2006","journal-title":"Marine Pollution Bulletin"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2016.07.011","article-title":"Deep-sea observations at hydrocarbon drilling locations: contributions from the SERPENT project after 120 field visits","volume":"137","author":"Gates","year":"2017","journal-title":"Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse6010002","article-title":"Automated image analysis of offshore infrastructure marine biofouling","volume":"6","author":"Gormley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Marine Science and Engineering"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1149345","article-title":"A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems","volume":"319","author":"Halpern","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-597X(03)00040-X","article-title":"International rules on decommissioning of offshore installations: some observations","volume":"27","author":"Hamzah","year":"2003","journal-title":"Marine Policy"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S266","DOI":"10.1006\/jmsc.2002.1226","article-title":"Are southern California oil and gas platforms essential fish habitat?","volume":"59","author":"Helvey","year":"2002","journal-title":"ICES Journal of Marine Science"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2017.05.008","article-title":"Historic scale and persistence of drill cuttings impacts on North Sea benthos","volume":"129","author":"Henry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Marine Environmental Research"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11346.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29575-4","article-title":"Ocean sprawl facilitates dispersal and connectivity of protected species","volume":"8","author":"Henry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B46","first-page":"32","volume-title":"Assessing the ecological connectivity between man-made structures in the North Sea (EcoConnect)","author":"Hyder","year":"2017"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-6409.2007.00315.x","article-title":"Using existing industrial remotely operated vehicles for deep-sea science","volume":"38","author":"Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zoologica Scripta"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2011.12.012","article-title":"OSPAR\u2019s exclusion of rigs-to-reefs in the North Sea","volume":"58","author":"J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ocean and Coastal Management"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B49","first-page":"69","article-title":"Sinking prospect: oil rigs and Greenpeace in the North Sea","volume":"4","author":"J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Solutions"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S288","DOI":"10.1006\/jmsc.2001.1165","article-title":"Residence of fish in the vicinity of a decommissioned oil platform in the North Sea","volume":"59","author":"J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2002","journal-title":"ICES Journal of Marine Science"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.02.051","article-title":"Commercially important species associated with horse mussel (Modiolus modiolus) biogenic reefs: a priority habitat for nature conservation and fisheries benefits","volume":"118","author":"Kent","year":"2017","journal-title":"Marine Pollution Bulletin"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.26496\/bjz.2018.16","article-title":"Recent findings of wild European flat oysters Ostrea edulis (Linnaeus, 1758) in Belgian and Dutch offshore waters: new perspectives for offshore oyster reef restoration in the southern North Sea","volume":"148","author":"Kerckhof","year":"2018","journal-title":"Belgian Journal of Zoology"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B53","first-page":"136","volume-title":"Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Assessing and Managing Effect Spheres of Influence","author":"Kerckhof","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seta.2016.09.008","article-title":"Offshore wind farms\u2019 decommissioning: a semi quantitative multi-criteria decision aid framework","volume":"18","author":"Kerkvliet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B55","author":"Kommune","year":"2017"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/fme.12235","article-title":"Behavioural changes of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) after marine boulder reef restoration: implications for coastal habitat management and Natura 2000 areas","volume":"24","author":"Kristensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fisheries Management and Ecology"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2016.11.011","article-title":"Mobile demersal megafauna at common offshore wind turbine foundations in the German Bight (North Sea) two years after deployment\u2014increased production rate of Cancer pagurus","volume":"123","author":"Krone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Marine Environmental Research"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B58","first-page":"96","volume-title":"Eco-friendly design of scour protection: Potential enhancement of ecological functioning in offshore wind farms","author":"Lengkeek","year":"2017"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B59","first-page":"134","volume-title":"Benthic communities at Horns Rev before, during and after construction of Horns Rev Offshore Wind Farm","author":"Leonhard","year":"2006"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B201","author":"Lettens","year":"2015"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/6\/3\/035101","article-title":"Short-term ecological effects of an offshore wind farm in the Dutch coastal zone; a compilation","volume":"6","author":"Lindeboom","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environmental Research Letters"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S294","DOI":"10.1006\/jmsc.2002.1218","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variations in gillnet catch rates in the vicinity of North Sea oil platforms","volume":"59","author":"L\u00f8kkeborg","year":"2002","journal-title":"ICES Journal of Marine Science"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1890\/100112","article-title":"Rigs-to-reefs: will the deep sea benefit from artificial habitat?","volume":"9","author":"Macreadie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.04.049","article-title":"Eyes in the sea: unlocking the mysteries of the ocean using industrial, remotely operated vehicles (ROVs)","volume":"634","author":"Macreadie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B64","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Second International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference","author":"Magagna","year":"2012"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B65","first-page":"86","year":"2013"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3354\/meps10260","article-title":"Re-established stony reef attracts harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena","volume":"481","author":"Mikkelsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1201\/b12157-5","article-title":"Changing coasts: marine aliens and artificial structures","volume":"50","author":"Mineur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B68","year":"2013"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2018.05.021","article-title":"Data challenges and opportunities for environmental management of North Sea oil and gas decommissioning in an era of blue growth","volume":"97","author":"Murray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Marine Policy"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B70","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B71","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B72","author":"Nicolaisen","year":"2016"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B73","first-page":"111","volume-title":"Effects on birds of an offshore wind park at Horns Rev: Environmental impact assessment","author":"Noer","year":"2000"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B74","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B75","year":"1992"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B76","year":"2008"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B77","year":"2015"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B78","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0077-7579(90)90091-T","article-title":"Review of the physical oceanography of the North Sea","volume":"26","author":"Otto","year":"1990","journal-title":"Netherlands Journal of Sea Research"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1579\/0044-7447(2006)35[75:OWFTTO]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Offshore windmill farms: threats to or possibilities for the marine environment","volume":"35","author":"Petersen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B81","author":"Piet","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00347524","article-title":"Effects of proximity to an offshore hard-bottom reef on infaunal abundances","volume":"118","author":"Posey","year":"1994","journal-title":"Marine Biology"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2012.10.010","article-title":"The emerging policy landscape for marine spatial planning in Europe","volume":"39","author":"Qiu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Marine Policy"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2018.07.011","article-title":"An ecological halo surrounding a large offshore artificial reef: sediments, infauna, and fish foraging","volume":"141","author":"Reeds","year":"2018","journal-title":"Marine Environmental Research"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2012.10.011","article-title":"Aggregation at windmill artificial reefs: CPUE of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and pouting (Trisopterus luscus) at different habitats in the Belgian part of the North Sea","volume":"139","author":"Reubens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fisheries Research"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-013-1793-1","article-title":"The ecology of benthopelagic fishes at offshore wind farms: a synthesis of 4 years of research","volume":"727","author":"Reubens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2013.07.001","article-title":"Residency, site fidelity and habitat use of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) at an offshore wind farm using acoustic telemetry","volume":"90","author":"Reubens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Marine Environmental Research"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2018.09.020","article-title":"Structural and functional similarity of epibenthic communities on standing and reefed platforms in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico","volume":"168","author":"Rezek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Progress in Oceanography"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1890\/1051-0761(2003)013[0215:AOECIS]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Application of ecological criteria in selecting marine reserves and developing reserve networks","volume":"13","author":"Roberts","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ecological Applications"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3723\/175605402783219163","article-title":"The occurrence of the coral Lophelia pertusa and other conspicuous epifauna around an oil platform in the North Sea","volume":"25","author":"Roberts","year":"2002","journal-title":"Underwater Technology"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e58255.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058255","article-title":"Whale sharks, Rhincodon typus, aggregate around offshore platforms in Qatari waters of the Arabian Gulf to feed on fish spawn","volume":"8","author":"Robinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsx121","article-title":"Commercial fisheries interactions with oil and gas pipelines in the North Sea: considerations for decommissioning","volume":"75","author":"Rouse","year":"2018","journal-title":"ICES Journal of Marine Science"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.06.033","article-title":"Marine mammals trace anthropogenic structures at sea","volume":"24","author":"Russell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2001886","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2001886","article-title":"Simple rules can guide whether land- or ocean-based conservation will best benefit marine ecosystems","volume":"15","author":"Saunders","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Biology"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2018.10.024","article-title":"Worldwide oil and gas platform decommissioning: a review of practices and reefing options","volume":"168","author":"Scarborough Bull","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocean and Coastal Management"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-1481(99)00123-8","article-title":"Life cycle assessment of a wind farm and related externalities","volume":"20","author":"Schleisner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Renewable Energy"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B97","year":"2017"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2014.10.045","article-title":"Renewables-to-reefs? Decommissioning options for the offshore wind power industry","volume":"90","author":"Smyth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Marine Pollution Bulletin"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S281","DOI":"10.1006\/jmsc.2002.1279","article-title":"Rigs-to-reefs in the North Sea: hydroacoustic quantification of fish in the vicinity of a \u2018semi-cold\u2019 platform","volume":"59","author":"Soldal","year":"2002","journal-title":"ICES Journal of Marine Science"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.12.193","article-title":"Decommissioning of offshore oil and gas structures\u2014environmental opportunities and challenges","volume":"658","author":"Sommer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tej.2007.12.009","article-title":"Is the Danish wind energy model replicable for other countries?","volume":"21","author":"Sovacool","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Electricity Journal"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3354\/meps11261","article-title":"Long-term effects of an offshore wind farm in the North Sea on fish communities","volume":"528","author":"Stenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.5697\/oc.53-3.663","article-title":"A brief analysis of North Sea physics","volume":"53","author":"S\u00fcndermann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oceanologia"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2018.09.018","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of fish and invertebrate assemblage dynamics in association with a North Sea oil and gas installation complex","volume":"142","author":"Todd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Marine Environmental Research"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0153320.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153320","article-title":"Meals on wheels? A decade of megafaunal visual and acoustic observations from offshore oil & gas rigs and platforms in the North and Irish seas","volume":"11","author":"Todd","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2016.10.066","article-title":"Sustainable decommissioning of an offshore wind farm","volume":"102","author":"Topham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renewable Energy"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B202","year":"2015"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B107","first-page":"194","article-title":"De verwijdering van energie-installaties (Deel I): offshore installaties","volume":"5","author":"van Beuge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Energierecht"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14772.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32912-2","article-title":"Connectivity of larval stages of sedentary marine communities between hard substrates and offshore structures in the North Sea","volume":"8","author":"van der Molen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0146324","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146324","article-title":"Marine fouling assemblages on offshore gas platforms in the southern North Sea: effects of depth and distance from shore on biodiversity","volume":"11","author":"van der Stap","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3354\/meps09736","article-title":"Short- and long-term effects of an offshore wind farm on three species of sandeel and their sand habitat","volume":"458","author":"van Deurs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2017.01.009","article-title":"Changes in fish communities on a small spatial scale, an effect of increased habitat complexity by an offshore wind farm","volume":"126","author":"van Hal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Marine Environmental Research"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B112","first-page":"85","article-title":"De luipaardgrondel Thorogobius ephippiatus in de Noordzee","volume":"77","author":"van Moorsel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zeepaard"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B113","year":"2019"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B114","first-page":"239","volume-title":"Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Learning from the past to Optimise Future Monitoring Programmes, pp. 81\u201385","author":"Vandendriessche","year":"2013"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B115","author":"Walmsley","year":"2017"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315403008014h","article-title":"Long-term dynamics of fouling communities found on offshore installations in the North Sea","volume":"83","author":"Whomersley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2008.11.010","article-title":"Effect of bottom type on catch rates of North Sea cod (Gadus morhua) in surveys with commercial fishing vessels","volume":"96","author":"Wieland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fisheries Research"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2018.06.004","article-title":"Flatfish habitat use near North America\u2019s first offshore wind farm","volume":"139","author":"Wilber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Sea Research"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.08.079","article-title":"Obligations and aspirations: a critical evaluation of offshore wind farm cumulative impact assessments","volume":"82","author":"Willsteed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B120","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020042008355504700_fsz143-B121","year":"2018"}],"container-title":["ICES Journal of Marine Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/article-pdf\/77\/3\/1109\/33104761\/fsz143.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/article-pdf\/77\/3\/1109\/33104761\/fsz143.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,10]],"date-time":"2021-01-10T04:05:50Z","timestamp":1610251550000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/article\/77\/3\/1109\/5543459"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Michel","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,3]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/icesjms\/fsz143","relation":{},"ISSN":["1054-3139","1095-9289"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1054-3139","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9289","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,3]]}}}