{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T07:26:56Z","timestamp":1777102016734,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","funder":[{"name":"Intramural Research Program of the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000016","name":"US Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) histological subtypes clear cell RCC (ccRCC; &amp;gt;75% of cases) and papillary RCC (papRCC; \u223c15%) exhibit distinct molecular and genetic profiles, patient demographics, and prognoses. Previous epidemiologic studies have identified several risk factors for overall RCC, although few have explored differences in etiology across subtypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For this study, we applied two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) to findings from a genome-wide association study of RCC (27\u200a213 cases, 488\u200a019 controls) to investigate the effects of RCC risk factors with ccRCC (15\u200a507 cases) and papRCC (2103 cases). We also conducted case-only MR analyses contrasting ccRCC and papRCC cases to test for heterogeneity in risk factor effects across subtypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MR for overall RCC confirmed associations with obesity, blood pressure, smoking, and several other suspected risk factors. In subtype-specific analyses, we observed stronger associations with ccRCC than for papRCC for anthropometric measures such as body mass index [ccRCC odds ratio (ORccRCC)\u2009=\u20091.58 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval (CI)\u2009=\u20091.50\u20131.68; papRCC odds ratio (ORpapRCC)\u2009=\u20091.24, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.07\u20131.42; Pheterogeneity = 2.7\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u22124], while stronger associations with papRCC were observed for chronic kidney disease (ORccRCC\u2009=\u20091.07, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.99\u20131.15; ORpapRCC\u2009=\u20091.39, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.16\u20131.66; Pheterogeneity = 5.42\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u22125), creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (ORccRCC\u2009=\u20090.96, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.92\u20131.01; ORpapRCC\u2009=\u20090.71, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.64\u20130.79; Pheterogeneity\u2009=\u20097.76\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u22125), and telomere length (ORccRCC\u2009=\u20091.98, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.93\u20132.06; ORpapRCC\u2009=\u20092.50, 95% CI\u2009=\u20092.28\u20132.72; Pheterogeneity\u2009=\u20096.2\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u22123). Further analysis identified the colocalization of significant RCC risk loci and 20 risk factors along with potential target genes through transcriptomic analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results highlight the heterogeneous nature of RCC etiology and the importance of considering histologic subtypes in etiologic and genetic studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaf177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T11:45:14Z","timestamp":1759578314000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Using Mendelian randomization to investigate etiologic heterogeneity across renal cell carcinoma subtypes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Timothy D","family":"Winter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genetic Susceptibility, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute , Rockville, MD,","place":["United States"]}]},{"given":"Om","family":"Jahagirdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Tumor Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute , Rockville, MD,","place":["United States"]}]},{"name":"The Renal Cancer Genetics Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mark P","family":"Purdue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Diptavo","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mitchell J","family":"Machiela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bryan R","family":"Gorman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dayne","family":"Okuhara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Cleland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aida","family":"Ferreiro-Iglesias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Scheet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aoxing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Samuel O","family":"Antwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"James","family":"Larkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"St\u00eanio C","family":"Zequi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maxine","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Keiko","family":"Hikino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Hajiran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Keith A","family":"Lawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Flavio","family":"C\u00e1rcano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Odile","family":"Blanchet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Shuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kenneth G","family":"Nepple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ga\u00eblle","family":"Margue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Debasish","family":"Sundi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"W Ryan","family":"Diver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria A A K","family":"Folgueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Adrie","family":"van Bokhoven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Florencia","family":"Neffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kevin M","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jonathan N","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jongeun","family":"Rhee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Meredith","family":"Yeager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nathan R","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Belynda D","family":"Hicks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michelle R","family":"Manning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Amy A","family":"Hutchinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Rothman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wen-Yi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"W Marston","family":"Linehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Lori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Matthieu","family":"Ferragu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Merzouka","family":"Zidane-Marinnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S\u00e9rgio","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wesley J","family":"Magnabosco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"BioBank Japan Project","family":"Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Vilas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Decia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Florencia","family":"Carusso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Laura S","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kyra","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mehmet A","family":"Bilen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cletus","family":"Arciero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Pellegrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sol\u00e8ne","family":"Ricard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ghislaine","family":"Scelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rosamonde E","family":"Banks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Naveen S","family":"Vasudev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Naeem","family":"Soomro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Grant D","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Adebanji","family":"Adeyoju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Bromage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"Hrouda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Norma","family":"Gibbons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Poulam","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Protheroe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francesca I","family":"Nugent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michelle J","family":"Fournier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lisa J","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Komisarenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Eisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sonia A","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Denise C","family":"Connolly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Robert G","family":"Uzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"Zaridze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anush","family":"Mukeria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Holcatova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Hornakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lenka","family":"Foretova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Janout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Mates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Viorel","family":"Jinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Rascu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mirjana","family":"Mijuskovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Slavisa","family":"Savic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sasa","family":"Milosavljevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Gaborieau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Behnoush","family":"Abedi-Ardekani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"James","family":"McKay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mattias","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Larry","family":"Phouthavongsy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Hayman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ilinca","family":"Lungu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stephania M","family":"Bezerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aline G de","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Claudia T G","family":"Sares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rodolfo B","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fabio P","family":"Gallucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mauricio D","family":"Cordeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Pomerantz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gwo-Shu M","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Matthew L","family":"Freedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anhyo","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Samantha E","family":"Greenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"R Houston","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vidit","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David D","family":"Thiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Colleen T","family":"Ball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elaine T","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"William C","family":"Nahas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Viraj A","family":"Master","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alpa V","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jean-Christophe","family":"Bernhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Neal D","family":"Freedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Bigot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rui M","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Leandro M","family":"Colli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Finelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Brandon J","family":"Manley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chikashi","family":"Terao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Toni K","family":"Choueiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dirce M","family":"Carraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Houlston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jeanette E","family":"Eckel-Passow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Philip H","family":"Abbosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Ganna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Brennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stephen J","family":"Chanock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mattias","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomic Epidemiology, International Agency for Research on Cancer , Lyon,","place":["France"]}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Brennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomic Epidemiology, International Agency for Research on Cancer , Lyon,","place":["France"]}]},{"given":"Mitchell J.","family":"Machiela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Tumor Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute , Rockville, MD,","place":["United States"]}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Chanock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genetic Susceptibility, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute , Rockville, MD,","place":["United States"]}]},{"given":"Mark P.","family":"Purdue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute , Rockville, MD,","place":["United States"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6634-9040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diptavo","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Tumor Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute , Rockville, MD,","place":["United States"]}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B1","first-page":"209","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.10.002","article-title":"International variations and trends in renal cell carcinoma incidence and mortality","volume":"67","author":"Znaor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2005.01.011","article-title":"Application of molecular diagnostic techniques to renal epithelial neoplasms","volume":"25","author":"Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Lab Med"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2010.47","article-title":"The genetic basis of kidney cancer: a metabolic disease","volume":"7","author":"Linehan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2640","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27934","article-title":"An investigation of risk factors for renal cell carcinoma by histologic subtype in two case-control studies","volume":"132","author":"Purdue","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200305000-00005","article-title":"Comparisons of outcome and prognostic features among histologic subtypes of renal cell carcinoma","volume":"27","author":"Cheville","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2013.10.001","article-title":"Hereditary kidney cancer syndromes","volume":"21","author":"Haas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Chronic Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2010.46","article-title":"Epidemiology and risk factors for kidney cancer","volume":"7","author":"Chow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20618","article-title":"Renal cell carcinoma in relation to cigarette smoking: meta-analysis of 24 studies","volume":"114","author":"Hunt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B10","first-page":"1317","article-title":"The relationship between blood pressure and risk of renal cell carcinoma","volume":"51","author":"Alcala","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e57475","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057475","article-title":"Metabolic factors associated with risk of renal cell carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002724","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002724","article-title":"The influence of obesity-related factors in the etiology of renal cell carcinoma-a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"16","author":"Johansson","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2018.07.002","article-title":"Obesity and renal cell carcinoma risk by histologic subtype: a nested case-control study and meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Callahan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33193","article-title":"Etiologic heterogeneity of clear-cell and papillary renal cell carcinoma in the Netherlands Cohort Study","volume":"148","author":"van de Pol","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-22-0784","article-title":"Associations of renal cell carcinoma subtype with patient demographics, comorbidities, and neighborhood socioeconomic status in the California population","volume":"32","author":"Lichtensztajn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg070","article-title":"\u201cMendelian randomization\u201d: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease?","volume":"32","author":"Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2015.08.001","article-title":"Beyond Mendelian randomization: how to interpret evidence of shared genetic predictors","volume":"69","author":"Burgess","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-024-01725-7","article-title":"Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of kidney cancer identifies 63 susceptibility regions","volume":"56","author":"Purdue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02317-2","article-title":"Causal associations between risk factors and common diseases inferred from GWAS summary data","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt084","article-title":"Efficient design for mendelian randomization studies: Subsample and 2-sample instrumental variable estimators","volume":"178","author":"Pierce","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw127","article-title":"Commentary: two-sample Mendelian randomization: opportunities and challenges","volume":"45","author":"Lawlor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0579-z","article-title":"The UK Biobank resource with deep phenotyping and genomic data","volume":"562","author":"Bycroft","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3641","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy271","article-title":"Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for height and body mass index in \u223c700000 individuals of European ancestry","volume":"27","author":"Yengo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-023-01462-3","article-title":"GWAS of random glucose in 476,326 individuals provide insights into diabetes pathophysiology, complications and treatment stratification","volume":"55","author":"Lagou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05477-4","article-title":"Genetic diversity fuels gene discovery for tobacco and alcohol use","volume":"612","author":"Saunders","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01058-3","article-title":"Multi-ancestry genetic study of type 2 diabetes highlights the power of diverse populations for discovery and translation","volume":"54","author":"Mahajan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2019.10.027","article-title":"The CKDGen Consortium: ten years of insights into the genetic basis of kidney function","volume":"97","author":"K\u00f6ttgen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B28","first-page":"173","article-title":"Statistical analysis of molecular epidemiology studies employing case-series","volume":"3","author":"Begg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0184-y","article-title":"Efficiently controlling for case-control imbalance and sample relatedness in large-scale genetic association studies","volume":"50","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.76","article-title":"Newly identified loci that influence lipid concentrations and risk of coronary artery disease","volume":"40","author":"Willer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B31","first-page":"e1004383","article-title":"association studies using summary statistics","volume-title":"PLoS Genet","author":"Giambartolomei","year":"2014"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366449","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1366449","article-title":"Blood cell indices and inflammation-related markers with kidney cancer risk: a large-population prospective analysis in UK Biobank","volume":"14","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2009.08706.x","article-title":"Obesity is associated with a higher risk of clear-cell renal cell carcinoma than with other histologies","volume":"105","author":"Lowrance","year":"2010","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33701","article-title":"Differences in risk factors for molecular subtypes of clear cell renal cell carcinoma","volume":"149","author":"Purdue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13604","article-title":"Epigenetic marks of in utero exposure to gestational diabetes and childhood adiposity outcomes: the EPOCH study","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0194","article-title":"Caspase induction and BCL2 inhibition in human adipose tissue: a potential relationship with insulin signaling alteration","volume":"36","author":"Tinahones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2024.07.012","article-title":"Transcriptome- and proteome-wide association studies identify genes associated with renal cell carcinoma","volume":"111","author":"Dutta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabi8051","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abi8051","article-title":"Genome-wide association studies identify the role of caspase-9 in kidney disease","volume":"7","author":"Doke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2008.08.135","article-title":"Tumours in end-stage kidney","volume":"40","author":"Hora","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000185382.80844.b1","article-title":"Spectrum of epithelial neoplasms in end-stage renal disease: an experience from 66 tumor-bearing kidneys with emphasis on histologic patterns distinct from those in sporadic adult renal neoplasia","volume":"30","author":"Tickoo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29359","article-title":"A prospective study of alcohol consumption and renal cell carcinoma risk","volume":"137","author":"Karami","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw6003","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaw6003","article-title":"Acute kidney injury promotes development of papillary renal cell adenoma and carcinoma from renal progenitor cells","volume":"12","author":"Peired","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013060604","article-title":"CKD and the risk of incident cancer","volume":"25","author":"Lowrance","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3106","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-21-0211","article-title":"Cholesterol Auxotrophy as a Targetable Vulnerability in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Riscal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12953-019-0155-y","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease: A review of proteomic and metabolomic approaches to membranous glomerulonephritis, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and IgA nephropathy biomarkers","volume":"17","author":"Taherkhani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proteome Sci"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2017.07.015","article-title":"Genetic variants related to longer telomere length are associated with increased risk of renal cell carcinoma","volume":"72","author":"Machiela","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241779","article-title":"RTEL1 is a replisome-associated helicase that promotes telomere and genome-wide replication","volume":"342","author":"Vannier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025103105182020000_dyaf177-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2012.132","article-title":"Human Stn1 protects telomere integrity by promoting efficient lagging-strand synthesis at telomeres and mediating C-strand fill-in","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Res"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article-pdf\/54\/6\/dyaf177\/65046021\/dyaf177.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article-pdf\/54\/6\/dyaf177\/65046021\/dyaf177.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T09:18:32Z","timestamp":1761902312000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ije\/dyaf177\/8307170"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyaf177","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-5771","1464-3685"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-5771","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-3685","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"article-number":"dyaf177"}}