{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T21:25:59Z","timestamp":1772054759578,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]],"date-time":"2019-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002924","name":"FEDER","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002924","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Unidade de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Epidemiologia-Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica da Universidade do Porto","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006862"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006862"]}]},{"name":"Unidade de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Epidemiologia-Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica da Universidade do Porto","award":["UID\/DTP\/04750\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/DTP\/04750\/2013"]}]},{"name":"Unidade de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Epidemiologia-Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica da Universidade do Porto","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030193\u2014PTDC\/GES-AMB\/30193\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030193\u2014PTDC\/GES-AMB\/30193\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Unidade de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Epidemiologia-Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica da Universidade do Porto","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016837 - PTDC\/DTP-EPI\/3306\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016837 - PTDC\/DTP-EPI\/3306\/2014"]}]},{"name":"Unidade de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Epidemiologia-Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica da Universidade do Porto","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016838 - PTDC\/DTP-EPI\/1687\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016838 - PTDC\/DTP-EPI\/1687\/2014"]}]},{"name":"Programa Operacional de Sa\u00fade \u2013 Sa\u00fade XXI, Quadro Comunit\u00e1rio de Apoio III and Administra\u00e7\u00e3o Regional de Sa\u00fade Norte"},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000348","name":"Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P42 ES007381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P42 ES007381"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"FCT Investigator contract","award":["IF\/01060\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF\/01060\/2015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Effective place-based interventions for childhood obesity call for the recognition of the high-risk neighbourhoods and an understanding of the determinants present locally. However, such an approach is uncommon. In this study, we identified neighbourhoods with elevated prevalence of childhood obesity (\u2018hotspots\u2019) in the Porto Metropolitan Area and investigated to what extent the socio-economic and built environment characteristics of the neighbourhoods explained such hotspots.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We used data on 5203 7-year-old children from a population-based birth cohort, Generation XXI. To identify hotspots, we estimated local obesity odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) using generalized additive models with a non-parametric smooth for location. Measures of the socio-economic and built environment were determined using a Geographic Information System. Associations between obesity and neighbourhood characteristics were expressed as OR and 95%CI after accounting for individual-level variables.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>At 7\u2009years of age, 803 (15.4%) children were obese. The prevalence of obesity varied across neighbourhoods and two hotspots were identified, partially explained by individual-level variables. Adjustment for neighbourhood characteristics attenuated the ORs and further explained the geographic variation. This model revealed an association between neighbourhood socio-economic deprivation score and obesity (OR\u2009=\u20091.014, 95%CI 1.004\u20131.025), as well as with the presence of fast-food restaurants at a walkable distance from the residence (OR\u2009=\u20091.37, 1.06\u20131.77).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In our geographic area it was possible to identify neighbourhoods with elevated prevalence of childhood obesity and to suggest that targeting such high-priority neighbourhoods and their environmental characteristics may help reduce childhood obesity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]],"date-time":"2019-09-10T19:25:20Z","timestamp":1568143520000},"page":"934-943","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Hotspots of childhood obesity in a large metropolitan area: does neighbourhood social and built environment play a part?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8880-6962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Isabel","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit\u2013Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Forensic Sciences and Medical Education, University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Cristina","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit\u2013Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Forensic Sciences and Medical Education, University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica M","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Public Health, Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA"}]},{"given":"Henrique","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit\u2013Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Forensic Sciences and Medical Education, University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020080101270937400_dyz205-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2008.00475.x","article-title":"Tracking of childhood overweight into adulthood: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"2020080101270937400_dyz205-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.222","article-title":"Long-term impact of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence on morbidity and premature mortality in adulthood: 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