{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T14:38:34Z","timestamp":1768833514627,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]],"date-time":"2019-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Commission under Horizon 2020","award":["633666"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["633666"]}]},{"name":"Medical Research Council Early Career Fellowship","award":["MR\/M501669\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/M501669\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Socio-economic inequalities in mortality are well established, yet the contribution of intermediate risk factors that may underlie these relationships remains unclear. We evaluated the role of multiple modifiable intermediate risk factors underlying socio-economic-associated mortality and quantified the potential impact of reducing early all-cause mortality by hypothetically altering socio-economic risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Data were from seven cohort studies participating in the LIFEPATH Consortium (total n\u2009=\u2009179\u2009090). Using both socio-economic position (SEP) (based on occupation) and education, we estimated the natural direct effect on all-cause mortality and the natural indirect effect via the joint mediating role of smoking, alcohol intake, dietary patterns, physical activity, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes and coronary artery disease. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated, using counterfactual natural effect models under different hypothetical actions of either lower or higher SEP or education.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Lower SEP and education were associated with an increase in all-cause mortality within an average follow-up time of 17.5\u2009years. Mortality was reduced via modelled hypothetical actions of increasing SEP or education. Through higher education, the HR was 0.85 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.84, 0.86] for women and 0.71 (95% CI 0.70, 0.74) for men, compared with lower education. In addition, 34% and 38% of the effect was jointly mediated for women and men, respectively. The benefits from altering SEP were slightly more modest.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>These observational findings support policies to reduce mortality both through improving socio-economic circumstances and increasing education, and by altering intermediaries, such as lifestyle behaviours and morbidities.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]],"date-time":"2019-11-27T15:10:35Z","timestamp":1574867435000},"page":"497-510","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Reducing socio-economic inequalities in all-cause mortality: a counterfactual mediation approach"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Jessica E","family":"Laine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9ria T","family":"Baltar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Instituto de Sa\u00fade Coletiva, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Stringhini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisant\u00e9), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Gandini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Unit, ASL TO3 Piedmont Region, Grugliasco, Italy"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Chadeau-Hyam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Kivimaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Severi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en \u00c9pid\u00e9miologie et Sant\u00e9 des Populations (CESP, UMR Inserm 1018) Facult\u00e9s de Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Sud, Saint-Aubin, France"}]},{"given":"Vittorio","family":"Perduca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en \u00c9pid\u00e9miologie et Sant\u00e9 des Populations (CESP, UMR Inserm 1018) Facult\u00e9s de Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Sud, Saint-Aubin, France"}]},{"given":"Allison M","family":"Hodge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 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L","family":"Milne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}]},{"given":"Henrique","family":"Barros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health, University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carlotta","family":"Sacerdote","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, AO Citta' della Salute e della Scienza\u2013University of Turin and Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy"}]},{"given":"Vittorio","family":"Krogh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS 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