{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T09:46:02Z","timestamp":1769247962786,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program EMERGE","award":["874990"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["874990"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020632","name":"CINEA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Concerns regarding the potential adverse effects of ship-generated scrubber effluent discharged to the marine environment and the growing number of ecotoxicological experiments have motivated a systematic review of available whole effluent toxicity studies where marine organisms have been exposed to scrubber effluent. All available whole effluent toxicity studies on scrubber effluent exposure were assessed with respect to reliability and relevance, and toxicity metrics including effect concentration and no\/lowest observed effect concentration were compiled to determine hazardous concentrations by applying a probabilistic approach. The ecotoxicological impact was assessed by relating the subsequent hazard concentrations, as derived from species sensitivity distribution curves as the potentially affected fraction of species, to estimated environmental concentrations. Environmental concentrations were estimated from previous studies that modeled scrubber effluent dilution or conducted in situ measurement of the dilution of ship-generated waste. The hazardous concentration for 5% of the species was determined at 0.0003%, corresponding to environmentally realistic concentrations. Despite the wide range of confidence limits, the results indicate that the discharge of scrubber effluents, particularly from open loop systems, poses a significant environmental hazard. These findings provide a scientific basis for future risk and impact assessments of scrubber effluents, contributing to the ongoing policy discussion regarding the need to restrict scrubber water discharges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/inteam\/vjaf192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T04:11:01Z","timestamp":1765771861000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact assessment of ship scrubber effluents reveals adverse effects at realistic environmental concentrations\u2014combining a systematic review of whole effluent ecotoxicological studies with dilution modeling"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2386-7742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Lunde Hermansson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology , Gothenburg,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH University Aachen , Aachen,","place":["Germany"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7605-9872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda T","family":"Nylund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology , Gothenburg,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute , V\u00e4stra Fr\u00f6lunda,","place":["Sweden"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3216-0597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ida-Maja","family":"Hassell\u00f6v","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology , Gothenburg,","place":["Sweden"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0241-2896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelson","family":"Abrantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro , Aveiro,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9965-1887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"R\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Planning and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro , Aveiro,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1807-6225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiau Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish Environmental Research Institute , Fiskeb\u00e4ckskil,","place":["Sweden"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6164-7006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Granberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish Environmental Research Institute , Fiskeb\u00e4ckskil,","place":["Sweden"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7206-9718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerstin","family":"Magnusson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish Environmental Research Institute , Fiskeb\u00e4ckskil,","place":["Sweden"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0957-7247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Picone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ca\u2019 Foscari University Venice , Mestre-Venezia,","place":["Italy"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6335-0735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Giubilato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ca\u2019 Foscari University Venice , Mestre-Venezia,","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"Ian D","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton , Southampton,","place":["United Kingdom"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2549-6711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina M","family":"Zapata-Restrepo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia , Medell\u00edn,","place":["Colombia"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6008-6529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"Ytreberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology , Gothenburg,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Swedish Environmental Research Institute , Gothenburg,","place":["Sweden"]}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2024.117351","article-title":"Projected changes of the emission and transport of organic pollutants and metals from shipping in European seas 2018\u20132050","volume":"211","author":"Aghito","year":"2025","journal-title":"Marine Pollution Bulletin"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13253","DOI":"10.1021\/es503797d","article-title":"Chemical footprint method for improved communication of freshwater ecotoxicity impacts in the context of ecological limits","volume":"48","author":"Bj\u00f8rn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Technology"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B3","author":"Bruland","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Center for Computational Toxicology Exposure","year":"2024","DOI":"10.23645\/epacomptox.11971392.v2"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Chen","year":"2024","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5015537"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B6","author":"CLS Brasil","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5339.823","article-title":"Emissions from ships","volume":"278","author":"Corbett","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-095X(199705)8:3&lt;263::AID-ENV247&gt;3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"How to measure effect. Part IV: How acceptable is the ECx from en environmental policy point of view?","volume":"8","author":"de Bruijn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environmetrics"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5414","article-title":"Comparison of substance-based and whole-effluent toxicity of produced water discharges from Norwegian offshore oil and gas installations","volume":"41","author":"de Vries","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B10","author":"DHI","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B11","author":"DNV","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B12","volume-title":"Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessments.","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B13","volume-title":"Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessments.","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B14","author":"European Commission","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5610https:\/\/10.1002\/etc5610","article-title":"Introducing the no-significant-effect concentration","volume":"42","author":"Fisher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.4809","article-title":"Methods for estimating no-effect toxicity concentrations in ecotoxicology","volume":"20","author":"Fisher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13654","article-title":"A practical guide to question formation, systematic searching and study screening for literature reviews in ecology and evolution","volume":"12","author":"Foo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.3459","article-title":"Don\u2019t be fooled\u2014a no-observed-effect concentration is no substitute for a poor concentration\u2013response experiment","volume":"35","author":"Fox","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4925","article-title":"Recent developments in species sensitivity distribution modeling","volume":"40","author":"Fox","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2024.102589","article-title":"Rapid and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of PAHs and alkyl-PAHs in scrubber water using HS-SPME-GC\u2013MS\/MS","volume":"12","author":"Garc\u00eda-G\u00f3mez","year":"2024","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2023.102154","article-title":"Effects from maritime scrubber effluent on phytoplankton and bacterioplankton communities of a coastal area, Eastern Mediterranean Sea","volume":"77","author":"Genitsaris","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecological Informatics"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5834","article-title":"Marine microbiota responses to shipping scrubber effluent assessed at community structure and function endpoints","volume":"43","author":"Genitsaris","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.121563","article-title":"Do coastal bacterioplankton communities hold the molecular key to the rapid biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from shipping scrubber effluent?","volume":"277","author":"Genitsaris","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.178263","article-title":"A new form of hazardous microparticulate contamination to the marine environment from ships using heavy fuel oil with exhaust gas scrubbers\u2014Characterization and implications for fate, transport and ecotoxicity","volume":"959","author":"Gondikas","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.1367","article-title":"The drive to ban the NOEC\/LOEC in favor of ECx is misguided and misinformed","volume":"9","author":"Green","year":"2013","journal-title":"Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B26","author":"Heinen","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-017-1980-3","article-title":"A primer on systematic reviews in toxicology","volume":"91","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Archives of Toxicology"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B28","author":"International Council on Clean Transportation","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B29","author":"International Maritime Organization","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B30","author":"International Maritime Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9326","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b02069","article-title":"Does the choice of NOEC or EC10 affect the hazardous concentration for 5% of the species?","volume":"49","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Technology"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8180","DOI":"10.1021\/es2030559","article-title":"Some good reasons to ban ECx and related concepts in ecotoxicology","volume":"45","author":"Jager","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Technology"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B33","author":"Japan","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1177\/07482337231176593","article-title":"Toxic effects of ship exhaust gas closed-loop scrubber wash water","volume":"39","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicology and Industrial Health"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2023.1249964","article-title":"Exposure to closed-loop scrubber washwater alters biodiversity, reproduction, and grazing of marine zooplankton","volume":"10","author":"J\u00f6nander","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Marine Science"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B36","author":"Karle","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-326X","article-title":"Field measurements and modeling of dilution in the wake of a US Navy frigate","volume":"46","author":"Katz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Marine Pollution Bulletin"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2017.06.006","article-title":"Ecological effects of scrubber water discharge on coastal plankton: Potential synergistic effects of contaminants reduce survival and feeding of the copepod Acartia tonsa","volume":"129","author":"Koski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Marine Environmental Research"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4776","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c06098","article-title":"Toward assessing absolute environmental sustainability of chemical pollution","volume":"56","author":"Kosnik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Technology"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-024-04562-8","article-title":"Effects from maritime scrubber effluent on coastal metazooplankton","volume":"172","author":"Kourkoutmani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Marine Biology"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-326X","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in seawater around England and Wales","volume":"34","author":"Law","year":"1997","journal-title":"Marine Pollution Bulletin"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-326X(88)90817-X","article-title":"Sea disposal: Modelling studies of waste field dilution","volume":"20","author":"Lewis","year":"1989","journal-title":"Marine Pollution Bulletin"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2005.10.021","article-title":"The significance of dilution in evaluating possible impacts of wastewater discharges from large cruise ships","volume":"52","author":"Loehr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Marine Pollution Bulletin"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.125557","article-title":"Applying quantitative structure\u2013activity relationship (QSAR) models to extend the mixture toxicity prediction of scrubber water","volume":"366","author":"Lunde Hermansson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-024-01347-1","article-title":"Strong economic incentives of ship scrubbers promoting pollution","volume":"7","author":"Lunde Hermansson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Sustainability"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.102912","article-title":"Comparing emissions of polyaromatic hydrocarbons and metals from marine fuels and scrubbers","volume":"97","author":"Lunde Hermansson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B47","unstructured":"Lunde Hermansson A., Ytreberg E., Hassell\u00f6v I.-M. (2025). Exhaust gas cleaning systems (scrubbers): Characterisation of waste streams and supporting operational data. \u00a0Zenodo (Version 2). 10.5281\/zenodo.14731203"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B48","volume-title":"Report on scrubber water whole effluent toxicity testing, at different geographical regions: EMERGE Deliverable 2.3","author":"Magnusson","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B49","volume-title":"Risk assessment of marine exhaust gas EGCS water, Task 2, Activity 3, EGCSs closing the loop","author":"Magnusson","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B50","volume-title":"Environmental impacts of discharge water from exhaust gas cleaning systems on ships: Final report of the project ImpEx","author":"Marin-Enriquez","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B51","volume-title":"2021 Guidelines for exhaust gas cleaning systems","author":"Marine Environment Protection Committee","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B52","volume-title":"2022 Guidelines for risk and impact assessments of the discharge water from exhaust gas cleaning systems","author":"Marine Environment Protection Committee","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B53","author":"Marine Environment Protection Committee","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.3259","article-title":"CRED: Criteria for reporting and evaluating ecotoxicity data","volume":"35","author":"Moermond","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1080\/10807039.2014.928104","article-title":"Science in risk assessment and policy (SciRAP): An online resource for evaluating and reporting in vivo (eco)toxicity studies","volume":"21","author":"Molander","year":"2015","journal-title":"Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.174314","article-title":"Holistic evaluation of the environmental impacts of shipping in the sensitive region of Ria de Aveiro","volume":"946","author":"Monteiro","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.4715","article-title":"Critical review of the OSPAR risk-based approach for offshore-produced water discharges","volume":"19","author":"Nielsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B58","volume-title":"Systematic review of ecotoxicological studies investigating the effects of scrubber water","author":"Nylund","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.5194\/os-17-1285-2021","article-title":"In situ observations of turbulent ship wakes and their spatiotemporal extent","volume":"17","author":"Nylund","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocean Science"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2023.114846","article-title":"Impacts of exhaust gas cleaning systems (EGCS) discharge waters on planktonic biological indicators","volume":"190","author":"Picone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Marine Pollution Bulletin"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420032314","volume-title":"Species sensitivity distributions in ecotoxicology","author":"Posthuma","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4373","article-title":"Species sensitivity distributions for use in environmental protection, assessment, and management of aquatic ecosystems for 12\u2009386 chemicals","volume":"38","author":"Posthuma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B63","author":"R\u00e9"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B64","author":"Sartorius","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0206901","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206901","article-title":"Relative robustness of NOEC and ECx against large uncertainties in data","volume":"13","author":"Tanaka","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B66","author":"Tavares-Reager","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5826","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c07805","article-title":"Severe toxic effects on pelagic copepods from maritime exhaust gas scrubber effluents","volume":"55","author":"Thor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Technology"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B6900","author":"Tromp","year":"1976"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B68","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B69","author":"Vartia","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B70","first-page":"1","article-title":"NOEC and LOEC data should no longer be generated or used","volume":"14","author":"Warne","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Australasian Journal of Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B71","author":"Word","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.111958","article-title":"Valuating environmental impacts from ship emissions\u2014The marine perspective","volume":"282","author":"Ytreberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2022.113904","article-title":"Metal and PAH loads from ships and boats, relative other sources, in the Baltic Sea","volume":"182","author":"Ytreberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Marine Pollution Bulletin"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.05.023","article-title":"Effects of scrubber washwater discharge on microplankton in the Baltic Sea","volume":"145","author":"Ytreberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Marine Pollution Bulletin"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118251","article-title":"Effects of seawater scrubbing on a microplanktonic community during a summer-bloom in the Baltic Sea","volume":"291","author":"Ytreberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B76","volume-title":"EMERGE Deliverable 6.1: Baltic and North Sea report","author":"Ytreberg","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2025.107157","article-title":"Mytilus edulis and Psammechinus miliaris as bioindicators of ecotoxicological risk by maritime exhaust gas scrubber water","volume":"209","author":"Zapata-Restrepo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Marine Environmental Research"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.31025\/2611-4135\/2024.19440","article-title":"Ecotoxicological assessment of scrubber water in unicellular algae (Tetraselmus suecica) and blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) larvae","volume":"29","author":"Zapata-Restrepo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Detritus"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Zapata-Restrepo","year":"2024","DOI":"10.31025\/2611-4135\/2024.19440"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2025.117956","article-title":"A novel method to assess the dilution of complex mixtures in the marine environment: Application to marine scrubber water effluents","volume":"216","author":"Zervakis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Marine Pollution Bulletin"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10588","DOI":"10.1021\/es500629f","article-title":"Definition and applications of a versatile chemical pollution footprint methodology","volume":"48","author":"Zijp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Technology"},{"key":"2026012221564240300_vjaf192-B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1080\/03088839.2021.1937742","article-title":"Economic and environmental impacts of scrubbers investments in shipping: A multi-sectoral analysis","volume":"49","author":"Zis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Maritime Policy and Management"}],"container-title":["Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ieam\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/inteam\/vjaf192\/65879684\/vjaf192.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ieam\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/inteam\/vjaf192\/65879684\/vjaf192.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T02:57:05Z","timestamp":1769137025000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ieam\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/inteam\/vjaf192\/8379835"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]]},"references-count":83,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/inteam\/vjaf192","relation":{},"ISSN":["1551-3777","1551-3793"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1551-3777","type":"print"},{"value":"1551-3793","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]]},"article-number":"vjaf192"}}