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              <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To investigate the mechanism of action at the molecular level of pepR, a multifunctional peptide derived from the Dengue virus capsid protein, against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Biofilm mass, metabolic activity and viability were quantified using conventional microbiology techniques, while fluorescence imaging methods, including a real-time calcein release assay, were employed to investigate the kinetics of pepR activity at different biofilm depths.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Using flow cytometry-based assays, we showed that pepR is able to prevent staphylococcal biofilm formation due to a fast killing of planktonic bacteria, which in turn resulted from a peptide-induced increase in the permeability of the bacterial membranes. The activity of pepR against pre-formed biofilms was evaluated through the application of a quantitative live\/dead confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) assay. The results show that the bactericidal activity of pepR on pre-formed biofilms is dose and depth dependent. A CLSM-based assay of calcein release from biofilm-embedded bacteria was further developed to indirectly assess the diffusion and membrane permeabilization properties of pepR throughout the biofilm. A slower diffusion and delayed activity of the peptide at deeper layers of the biofilm were quantified.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Overall, our results show that the activity of pepR on pre-formed biofilms is controlled by its diffusion along the biofilm layers, an effect that can be counteracted by an additional administration of peptide. Our study sheds new light on the antibiofilm mechanism of action of antimicrobial peptides, particularly the importance of their diffusion properties through the biofilm matrix on their activity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,8]],"date-time":"2019-05-08T15:13:27Z","timestamp":1557328407000},"page":"2617-2625","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["The mechanism of action of pepR, a viral-derived peptide, against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Sandra N","family":"Pinto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica-F\u00edsica Molecular e IN, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Susana A","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana F","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Dalila","family":"Mil-Homens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica-F\u00edsica Molecular e IN, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Andreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Prieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica-F\u00edsica Molecular e IN, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. 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