{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T20:01:36Z","timestamp":1778529696109,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,27]],"date-time":"2019-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UID\/MULTI\/04378\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/MULTI\/04378\/2019"]}]},{"name":"QREN","award":["NORTE-01\u20130145-FEDER-000024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01\u20130145-FEDER-000024"]}]},{"name":"QREN","award":["0145-FEDER-00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0145-FEDER-00001"]}]},{"name":"REQUIMTE\/FCT"},{"name":"Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The epidemiology of Enterococcus resistant to priority antibiotics including linezolid has mainly been investigated in developed countries and especially in hospitals. We aimed to evaluate the contribution of different non-human reservoirs for the burden of MDR enterococci in Tunisia, where scarce data are available.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Samples (n\u205f=\u205f287) were collected from urban wastewater (n\u205f=\u205f57), retail meat (n\u205f=\u205f29; poultry\/bovine\/ovine), milk (n\u205f=\u205f89; bovine\/ovine), farm animal faeces (n\u205f=\u205f80; poultry\/bovine\/ovine) and pets (n\u205f=\u205f32; rabbit\/dogs\/cats\/birds) in different Tunisian regions (2014\u201317). They were plated onto Slanetz\u2013Bartley agar after pre-enrichment without antibiotics. Standard methods were used for bacterial identification and characterization of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes (PCR), antibiotic susceptibility testing (disc diffusion\/broth microdilution; EUCAST\/CLSI) and clonality (SmaI-PFGE\/MLST).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All samples carried Enterococcus (n\u205f=\u205f377 isolates) resistant to antibiotics considered to be critical or highly important by WHO. Even without antibiotic selection, 38% of Enterococcus faecalis (Efs) and 22% of Enterococcus faecium (Efm) were identified as MDR. Linezolid-resistant isolates (5%; MIC\u205f=\u205f8\u2009mg\/L) comprised six poxtA-carrying Efm (cow milk), seven optrA-carrying Efs (chicken faeces\/meat) and five Efm lacking cfr\/optrA\/poxtA (poultry\/bovine\/ovine\/wastewater). Clinically relevant Efm clones (clade A1) were identified in animal\/meat sources. Ampicillin resistance (1%) was confined to ST18\/ST78-like MDR Efm clones from bovine meat\/milk samples carrying relevant virulence markers (e.g. ptsD\/IS16).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study provides evidence of the contribution of livestock and foodstuffs to the dispersal of acquired linezolid resistance genes including poxtA and optrA. We report the first poxtA-carrying Efm in Tunisia, and for the first time in bovine samples, stressing the urgent need for alternative measures to counteract the spread of linezolid-resistant enterococci globally.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]],"date-time":"2019-05-30T19:12:13Z","timestamp":1559243533000},"page":"2865-2869","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Dispersal of linezolid-resistant enterococci carrying poxtA or optrA in retail meat and food-producing animals from Tunisia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Houyem","family":"Elghaieb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Tunis El Manar, Institut de la Recherche V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire de Tunisie, Tunis, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Ana R","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Laborat\u00f3rio de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Salah","family":"Abbassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Tunis El Manar, Institut de la Recherche V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire de Tunisie, Tunis, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Novais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Laborat\u00f3rio de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Zouari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OTD Centre avicole de Mateur, Bizerte, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Abdennaceur","family":"Hassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Traitement des Eaux Us\u00e9es, Centre des Recherches et des Technologies des Eaux (CERTE), Technopole Borj C\u00e9dria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"Peixe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Laborat\u00f3rio de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019092005512997600_dkz263-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2013.03.001","article-title":"Antibiotic resistant enterococci\u2014tales of a drug resistance gene trafficker","volume":"303","author":"Werner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2019092005512997600_dkz263-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2746","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt289","article-title":"Spread of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus to animals and humans: an underestimated role for the pig farm environment","volume":"68","author":"Novais","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2019092005512997600_dkz263-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.05.039","article-title":"Wild corvid birds colonized with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium of human origin harbor epidemic vanA plasmids","volume":"118","author":"Oravcov\u00e1","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2019092005512997600_dkz263-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01750-10","article-title":"Human and swine hosts share vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium CC17 and CC5 and Enterococcus faecalis CC2 clonal clusters harboring Tn1546 on indistinguishable plasmids","volume":"49","author":"Freitas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2019092005512997600_dkz263-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1712.101584","article-title":"Porcine and human community reservoirs of Enterococcus faecalis, Denmark","volume":"17","author":"Larsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2019092005512997600_dkz263-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2018.10.002","article-title":"Update on prevalence and mechanisms of resistance to linezolid, tigecycline and daptomycin in enterococci in Europe: towards a common nomenclature","volume":"40","author":"Bender","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Resist Updat"},{"key":"2019092005512997600_dkz263-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.ARBA-0009-2017","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: a One Health perspective","volume":"6","author":"McEwen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"2019092005512997600_dkz263-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3558","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.8.3558-3565.2004","article-title":"Use of a genus- and species-specific multiplex PCR for identification of enterococci","volume":"42","author":"Jackson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2019092005512997600_dkz263-B9","volume-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing\u2014Twenty-Sixth Edition: M100","year":"2016"},{"key":"2019092005512997600_dkz263-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3245","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx321","article-title":"Detection of optrA in the African continent (Tunisia) within a mosaic Enterococcus faecalis plasmid from urban wastewaters","volume":"72","author":"Freitas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2019092005512997600_dkz263-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky088","article-title":"Characterization of poxtA, a novel phenicol-oxazolidinone-tetracycline resistance gene from an MRSA of clinical origin","volume":"73","author":"Antonelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2019092005512997600_dkz263-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx387","article-title":"Distribution of putative virulence markers in Enterococcus faecium: towards a safety profile review","volume":"73","author":"Freitas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2019092005512997600_dkz263-B13","volume-title":"Critically important antimicrobials for human medicine \u2013 5th rev. Licence: CC by-NC-SA 3.0 IGO","year":"2017"},{"key":"2019092005512997600_dkz263-B14","first-page":"4036.","article-title":"The European Union summary report on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2013","volume":"13","year":"2015","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"2019092005512997600_dkz263-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.02.010","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of enterococci recovered from healthy cattle, pigs and chickens in nine EU countries (EASSA Study) to critically important antibiotics","volume":"216","author":"de Jong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2019092005512997600_dkz263-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01902-17","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of enterococci isolated from retail meats in the United States, 2002 to 2014","volume":"84","author":"Tyson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2019092005512997600_dkz263-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.07.025","article-title":"Faecal carriage of optrA-positive enterococci in asymptomatic healthy humans in Hangzhou, China","volume":"25","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2019092005512997600_dkz263-B18","author":"Ben Youssef","year":"2016"},{"key":"2019092005512997600_dkz263-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2917","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00913-07","article-title":"Accuracy of six antimicrobial susceptibility methods for testing linezolid against staphylococci and enterococci","volume":"45","author":"Tenover","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2019092005512997600_dkz263-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01929-15","article-title":"Investigation of linezolid resistance in staphylococci and enterococci","volume":"54","author":"Doern","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2019092005512997600_dkz263-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7490","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01256-16","article-title":"Nationwide surveillance of novel oxazolidinone resistance gene optrA in Enterococcus isolates in China from 2004 to 2014","volume":"60","author":"Cui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2019092005512997600_dkz263-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3367","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw314","article-title":"Emergence of endemic MLST non-typeable vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium","volume":"71","author":"Carter","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"}],"container-title":["Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jac\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jac\/dkz263\/28872631\/dkz263.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jac\/article-pdf\/74\/10\/2865\/30039358\/dkz263.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,18]],"date-time":"2022-09-18T22:23:11Z","timestamp":1663539791000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jac\/article\/74\/10\/2865\/5523711"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkz263","relation":{},"ISSN":["0305-7453","1460-2091"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0305-7453","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2091","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]]}}}