{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T23:00:23Z","timestamp":1777158023986,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COMPETE2030-FEDER-00852000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE2030-FEDER-00852000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COMPETE2030-FEDER-00752300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE2030-FEDER-00752300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EXPL\/MED-QUI\/1156\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXPL\/MED-QUI\/1156\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00081\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00081\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/ASPPES\/28397\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ASPPES\/28397\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0056\/2020(IMS)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0056\/2020(IMS)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00511\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006129","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10.54499\/UI\/BD\/151088\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/UI\/BD\/151088\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006129","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DL 57\/2016\/CP1454\/CT0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DL 57\/2016\/CP1454\/CT0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study investigates the mechanisms of action of a promising series of previously synthesized quaternary ammonium (QASs) and phosphonium (QPSs) salts, which have shown potent activity against Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The effects of QASs and QPSs on S. aureus surface charge, total surface hydrophobicity, intracellular potassium release, membrane integrity, and ultrastructure were examined. QASs and QPSs significantly altered bacterial surface properties by reducing negative surface charge, disrupting membrane integrity, and inducing potassium leakage and propidium iodide uptake. Furthermore, S. aureus became less hydrophilic due to changes in surface hydrophobicity. Transmission electron microscopy revealed cytoplasmic leakage and the presence of electron-dense extracellular material around damaged bacterial cells upon exposure to high concentrations of these salts.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The antimicrobial activity of QASs and QPSs is driven by their ability to alter bacterial surface properties, destabilizing and disrupting membranes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxaf122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T16:31:10Z","timestamp":1747672270000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Antibacterial effects of novel quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts against <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Nunes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto , Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-465 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto , Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"MedInUP, Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto , 4200-465 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Department of Biomedicine, , 4200-465 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Cagide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MedInUP, Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto , 4200-465 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Department of Biomedicine, , 4200-465 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6929-6805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anabela","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto , Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-465 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto , Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MedInUP, Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto , 4200-465 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Department of Biomedicine, , 4200-465 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3355-4398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto , Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-465 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto , Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.2174\/1573406411309050016","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of phenyl isothiocyanate on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"9","author":"Abreu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Chem (Los Angeles)"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53915","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA05840F","article-title":"Fine-tuning of the hydrophobicity of caffeic acid: studies on the antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli","volume":"5","author":"Andrade","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7645","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c08244","article-title":"Quaternary ammonium compounds: a chemical class of emerging concern","volume":"57","author":"Arnold","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1007\/s13213-013-0758-y","article-title":"Zeta potential as a measure of the surface charge of mycobacterial cells","volume":"64","author":"Ayala-Torres","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Microbiol"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842414","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.842414","article-title":"A multi-purpose approach to the mechanisms of action of two biocides (benzalkonium chloride and dibromonitrilopropionamide): discussion of\u00a0Pseudomonas fluorescens\u2019 viability and death","volume":"13","author":"Barros","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2018.06.001","article-title":"Structural changes in cellular membranes induced by ionic liquids: from model to bacterial membranes","volume":"215","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem Phys Lipids"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadl5849","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adl5849","article-title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics of the proton motive force on single bacterial cells","volume":"10","author":"Biquet-Bisquert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2012.0244","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and mode of action of ferulic and gallic acids against pathogenic bacteria","volume":"19","author":"Borges","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.48.5.980-983.1984","article-title":"Measurement of the surface free energy of bacterial cell surfaces and its relevance for adhesion","volume":"48","author":"Busscher","year":"1984","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microb"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1039\/b821842k","article-title":"Antibiofilm activities of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquids","volume":"11","author":"Carson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Green Chem"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2023.02.004","article-title":"Phytochemicals and quaternary phosphonium ionic liquids: connecting the dots to develop a new class of antimicrobial agents","volume":"54","author":"Chavarria","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002184","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002184","article-title":"Will 10 million people die a year due to antimicrobial resistance by 2050?","volume":"13","author":"de\u00a0Kraker","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7132","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00562","article-title":"Biological activity of ionic liquids and their application in pharmaceutics and medicine","volume":"117","author":"Egorova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010086","article-title":"Sterically hindered quaternary phosphonium salts (QPSs): antimicrobial activity and hemolytic and cytotoxic properties","volume":"23","author":"Ermolaev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.109907","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial activity of different types of ionic liquids","volume":"104","author":"Florio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2014.11.001","article-title":"Monitoring antibacterial permeabilization in real time using time-resolved flow cytometry","volume":"1848","author":"Freire","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1080\/10426507.2016.1227821","article-title":"Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel carboxylate phosphabetaines derivatives with long alkyl chains","volume":"191","author":"Galkina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11092192","article-title":"Changes in the ultrastructure of Staphylococcus aureus cells make it possible to identify and analyze the injuring effects of ciprofloxacin, polycationic amphiphile and their hybrid","volume":"11","author":"Grigor'eva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-015-1476-7","article-title":"Alteration of Zeta potential and membrane permeability in bacteria: a study with cationic agents","volume":"4","author":"Halder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109972","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1109972","article-title":"The antibacterial activity and mechanism of imidazole chloride ionic liquids on Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"14","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.6b00682","article-title":"Unique triphenylphosphonium derivatives for enhanced mitochondrial uptake and photodynamic therapy","volume":"28","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioconjug Chem"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.10.008","article-title":"Antibiotics: past, present and future","volume":"51","author":"Hutchings","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.1993.1342","article-title":"On the consistency of surface free energy components as calculated from contact angles of different liquids: an application to the cholesterol surface","volume":"159","author":"Janczuk","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Colloid Interface Sci"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2017.03.001","article-title":"Quaternary ammonium-based biomedical materials: state-of-the-art, toxicological aspects and antimicrobial resistance","volume":"71","author":"Jiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog Polym Sci"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9110758","article-title":"Membrane-targeting triphenylphosphonium functionalized ciprofloxacin for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)","volume":"9","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21799","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24760-y","article-title":"The effectiveness of newly synthesized quaternary ammonium salts differing in chain length and type of counterion against priority human pathogens","volume":"12","author":"Kula","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.0c01671","article-title":"A novel triphenylphosphonium carrier to target mitochondria without uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation","volume":"64","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-020-00754-w","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of ionic liquids on living cells: the state of the art","volume":"12","author":"Kumari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biophys Rev"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060459","article-title":"Biological activity of quaternary ammonium salts and their derivatives","volume":"9","author":"Kwa\u015bniewska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5469","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28145469","article-title":"Self-aggregation, antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of ester-bonded gemini quaternary ammonium salts: the role of the spacer","volume":"28","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2018.06.003","article-title":"Evaluation of cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic acid derivatives in microbial growth control","volume":"141","author":"Malheiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Biodeterior Biodegrad"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens3020473","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of selected phytochemicals against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and their biofilms","volume":"3","author":"Monte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2104148","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202104148","article-title":"Antimicrobial ionic liquid-based materials for biomedical applications","volume":"31","author":"Nikfarjam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Funct Materials"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-015-1969-0","article-title":"Antibacterial effects of quaternary bis-phosphonium and ammonium salts of pyridoxine on Staphylococcus aureus cells: a single base hitting two distinct targets?","volume":"32","author":"Nikitina","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2024.124616","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of novel quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts","volume":"401","author":"Nunes","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Mol Liq"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010504","article-title":"Efficacy of novel quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts differing in cation type and alkyl chain length against antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"25","author":"Nunes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2022.118551","article-title":"Betaine-urea deep eutectic solvent improves imipenem antibiotic activity","volume":"350","author":"Olivares","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Mol Liq"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11050620","article-title":"Screening of natural molecules as adjuvants to topical antibiotics to treat Staphylococcus aureus from diabetic foot ulcer infections","volume":"11","author":"Oliveira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2019.01.046","article-title":"Repurposing ibuprofen to control Staphylococcus aureus biofilms","volume":"166","author":"Oliveira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib40","first-page":"11","article-title":"The role of hydrophobicity in bacterial adhesion","volume-title":"Biofilm Community Interactions: Chance or Necessity","author":"Oliveira","year":"2001"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib41","volume-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance: Tackling the Burden in the European Union. Briefing Note for EU\/EEA Countries","author":"Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10050489","article-title":"Triphenilphosphonium analogs of chloramphenicol as dual-acting antimicrobial and antiproliferating agents","volume":"10","author":"Pavlova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2015.02.016","article-title":"The antimicrobial potential of ionic liquids: a source of chemical diversity for infection and biofilm control","volume":"46","author":"Pendleton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2019.03.083","article-title":"Quaternary ammonium surfactants derived from leucine and methionine: novel challenging surface active molecules with antimicrobial activity","volume":"283","author":"Perinelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Mol Liq"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes12080765","article-title":"Sessile drop method: critical analysis and optimization for measuring the contact angle of an ion-exchange membrane surface","volume":"12","author":"Ponomar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Membranes"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00730","article-title":"Alkylimidazolium ionic liquids as antifungal alternatives: antibiofilm activity against Candida albicans and underlying mechanism of action","volume":"11","author":"Reddy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.200610224","article-title":"Potential of the adhesion of bacteria isolated from drinking water to materials","volume":"47","author":"Sim\u00f5es","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Basic Microbiol"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.200610280","article-title":"Antimicrobial mechanisms of ortho-phtha-laldehyde action","volume":"47","author":"Sim\u00f5es","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Basic Microbiol"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2021.01.031","article-title":"Biofilm control by ionic liquids","volume":"26","author":"Sim\u00f5es","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Discovery Today"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2021.166968","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms for bacterial potassium homeostasis","volume":"433","author":"Stautz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2022.106030","article-title":"Synthesis, biological evaluation and structure-activity relationship of 2-(2-hydroxyaryl)alkenylphosphonium salts with potency as anti-MRSA agents","volume":"127","author":"Terekhova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioorg Chem"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9797(86)90041-X","article-title":"The role of van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds in \u201chydrophobic interactions\u201d between biopolymers and low energy surfaces","volume":"111","author":"Van\u00a0Oss","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Colloid Interface Sci"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0927-7757(93)80308-2","article-title":"Acid\u2014base interfacial interactions in aqueous media","volume":"78","author":"van\u00a0Oss","year":"1993","journal-title":"Colloids Surf A"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-0294(97)80099-4","article-title":"Hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity of biosurfaces","volume":"2","author":"van\u00a0Oss","year":"1997","journal-title":"Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6793","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136793","article-title":"Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) and ionic liquids (ILs) as biocides: from simple antiseptics to tunable antimicrobials","volume":"22","author":"Vereshchagin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1039\/c0nj00228c","article-title":"Multifunctional long-alkyl-chain quaternary ammonium azolate based ionic liquids","volume":"34","author":"Walkiewicz","year":"2010","journal-title":"New J Chem"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib57","volume-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance in Europe 2022\u20132020 Data","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.20867","article-title":"Rationale for the real-time and dynamic cell death assays using propidium iodide","volume":"77A","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cytometry Pt A"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10043","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.7b00042","article-title":"Mitochondria-targeted triphenylphosphonium-based compounds: syntheses, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic and diagnostic applications","volume":"117","author":"Zielonka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"2025060611265982000_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2024.107646","article-title":"Synthesis and broad-spectrum biocidal effect of novel gemini quaternary ammonium compounds","volume":"151","author":"Zivna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioorg Chem"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jambio\/lxaf122\/63236765\/lxaf122.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/article-pdf\/136\/6\/lxaf122\/63236765\/lxaf122.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/article-pdf\/136\/6\/lxaf122\/63236765\/lxaf122.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T15:27:07Z","timestamp":1749223627000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jambio\/lxaf122\/8137900"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jambio\/lxaf122","relation":{},"ISSN":["1365-2672"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1365-2672","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"article-number":"lxaf122"}}