{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T07:48:51Z","timestamp":1767772131673},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Opioids are the drugs most commonly detected in overdose deaths and the second most consumed worldwide. An analytical methodology has been optimized and fully validated for the determination of codeine, morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, 6-acetylcodeine, oxycodone, oxymorphone and fentanyl in whole blood and pericardial fluid. The internal standards used were codeine-d3, morphine-d3, 6-acetylmorphine-d3 and fentanyl-d5. Before solid-phase extraction, volumes of 250\u00a0\u03bcL of blood and pericardial fluid were subjected to a protein precipitation (with 750\u00a0\u03bcL of ice-cold acetonitrile) and a microwave-induced oximation was performed using a solution of 1% aqueous hydroxylamine hydrochloride in phosphate-buffered saline (1:2, v\/v). Finally, the dried extracts were further derivatized with a solution of n-methyl-n-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide\u00a0+\u00a05% trimethylchlorosilane under microwave irradiation. The chromatographic analysis was carried out using gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry operating in electron impact and selected ion monitoring mode. For all analytes, the method was linear between 5 and 1,000\u00a0ng\/mL with determination coefficients (r2) &amp;gt;0.99. Depending on the analyte and matrix, the limit of detection varies between 3 and 4\u00a0ng\/mL. Intra- and intermediate precision (&amp;lt;20%) and bias (\u00b120%) were acceptable for all analytes in both matrices. The stability of the substances in the studied matrices was guaranteed, at least, 24\u00a0h in the autosampler, 4\u00a0h at room temperature and 30\u00a0days after three freeze\/thaw cycles. This methodology was applied to real samples from the Laboratory of Chemistry and Forensic Toxicology, Centre Branch, of the National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Portugal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaa064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]],"date-time":"2020-06-04T11:08:12Z","timestamp":1591268892000},"page":"754-768","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Novel Bioanalytical Method for the Determination of Opioids in Blood and Pericardial Fluid"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Elisa","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ci\u00eancias Forenses, I.P. (INMLCF, I.P.), Laborat\u00f3rio de Toxicologia Forense da Delega\u00e7\u00e3o do Centro, Azinhaga de Santa Comba - Polo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica da Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra, R. Larga 2, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Corte Real","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ci\u00eancias Forenses, I.P. (INMLCF, I.P.), Laborat\u00f3rio de Toxicologia Forense da Delega\u00e7\u00e3o do Centro, Azinhaga de Santa Comba - Polo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba - Polo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Pinho e Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica da Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra, R. Larga 2, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Margalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ci\u00eancias Forenses, I.P. (INMLCF, I.P.), Laborat\u00f3rio de Toxicologia Forense da Delega\u00e7\u00e3o do Centro, Azinhaga de Santa Comba - Polo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020121209234670600_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2244","article-title":"Confirmation of recent heroin abuse: accepting the challenge","volume":"10","author":"Maas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Testing and Analysis"},{"key":"2020121209234670600_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-012-0274-7","article-title":"Laboratory testing for prescription opioids","volume":"8","author":"Milone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Toxicology"},{"key":"2020121209234670600_ref3","first-page":"939","volume-title":"Pain Management","author":"Koyyalagunta","year":"2006"},{"key":"2020121209234670600_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1927","article-title":"Quantitative determination of opioids in whole blood using fully automated dried blood spot desorption coupled to on-line SPE-LC-MS\/MS","volume":"8","author":"Verplaetse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Testing and Analysis"},{"key":"2020121209234670600_ref5","volume-title":"Drug Abuse Handbook","author":"Karch","year":"1998"},{"key":"2020121209234670600_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/S0873-2159(15)30380-9","article-title":"Dor oncol\u00f3gica","volume":"XIII","author":"Costa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Revista Portuguesa de Pneumologia"},{"key":"2020121209234670600_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470015902.a0000251.pub2","volume-title":"Opiates and Opioids","author":"Dickenson","year":"2012"},{"key":"2020121209234670600_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(93)90194-Q","article-title":"Molecular biology of opioid receptors","volume":"16","author":"Reisine","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"2020121209234670600_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1280-4703(18)89443-9","article-title":"Farmacolog\u00eda de los opioides","volume":"44","author":"Harkouk","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMC - Anestesia-Reanimaci\u00f3n"},{"key":"2020121209234670600_ref10","volume-title":"Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology","author":"Herz","year":"1993","edition":"1st"},{"key":"2020121209234670600_ref11","volume-title":"Manual de Toxicologia Cl\u00ednica","author":"Anderson","year":"2014","edition":"6a"},{"key":"2020121209234670600_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01210","article-title":"Postmortem toxicology of new synthetic opioids","volume":"9","author":"Concheiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Pharmacology"},{"key":"2020121209234670600_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18356\/d29e3f27-en","volume-title":"World Drug Report. 2018","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020121209234670600_ref14","volume-title":"Relat\u00f3rio Europeu sobre Drogas Tend\u00eancias e evolu\u00e7\u00f5es","author":"Observat\u00f3rio Europeu da Droga e Toxicodepend\u00eancia","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020121209234670600_ref15","volume-title":"Relat\u00f3rio Anual- A Situa\u00e7\u00e3o do Pa\u00eds em Mat\u00e9ria de Drogas e Toxicodepend\u00eancias","author":"Servi\u00e7o de Interven\u00e7\u00e3o nos Comportamentos Aditivos e nas Depend\u00eancias: Dire\u00e7\u00e3o de Servi\u00e7os de Monitoriza\u00e7\u00e3o e Informa\u00e7\u00e3o\/Divis\u00e3o de Estat\u00edstica e Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o","year":"2017","edition":"2018th"},{"key":"2020121209234670600_ref16","volume-title":"European Drug Report 2019: Trends and Developments","author":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction","year":"2019"},{"key":"2020121209234670600_ref17","volume-title":"Opioid Strategy. 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