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Sold as a racemate, 3-CMC exhibits enantioselective metabolism and pharmacological effects, making enantioselectivity a critical factor in evaluating its toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. This study aimed to evaluate the enantiomeric biodistribution, metabolic profile, and toxicity of 3-CMC racemate in Wistar rats following acute exposure. For this purpose, a gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS) method was validated for quantifying 3-CMC in biological matrices and for characterizing its biodistribution in vivo. Rats were intraperitoneally administered with saline (control) or 3-CMC (10 or 20\u2009mg kg\u22121, b.w.). Animals were sacrificed 24\u2009h after administration, and plasma, urine, and tissues were collected for biodistribution, biochemical, and histopathological analyses. 3-CMC was exclusively detected in the urine, along with three additional pairs of enantiomeric metabolites. Both 3-CMC and its metabolites exhibit enantiomeric fractions (EF) different from 0.5, indicating enantiomeric enrichment. Administration of 3-CMC significantly decreased plasma levels of creatine kinase-MB, alkaline phosphatase, and aspartate aminotransferase, along with increased levels of glucose and urea. In the urine, decreased levels of albumin were observed. Oxidative stress and energy biomarkers were altered in the brain, lungs, and kidneys. Histopathological analysis revealed morphological alterations in the brain, liver, and lungs at both doses, and in the kidneys at the highest dose. However, no significant alterations were observed in the other tissues. Taken together, our findings suggest enantioselective metabolism and indicate that, although rapidly eliminated by the kidneys, 3-CMC still causes significant toxicity in target organs, such as the brain, liver, lungs, and kidneys. This highlights the high toxicity of the drug or its metabolites, even over short-term exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaf103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T12:58:15Z","timestamp":1763038695000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enantiomeric biodistribution, metabolic profile, and toxicity of 3-chloromethcathinone in Wistar rats following acute exposure"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Ivan","family":"Langa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University Institute of Health Sciences\u2014CESPU , Gandra 4585-116,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Translational Toxicology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Health Sciences (1H-TOXRUN, IUCS-CESPU) , Gandra 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