{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:06:40Z","timestamp":1792786000088,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Marie Curie-Skoldowska Action \u201cPLEXUS: Philosophical, Logical, and Experimental Routes to Substructurality\u201d","award":["101086295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101086295"]}]},{"name":"European Commission in the Horizon Europe framework","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00k4n6c32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"European Union - Next Generation EU, Mission 4, Component 1","award":["CUP I53D23006890001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP I53D23006890001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This paper extends a trivalent semantics for indicative conditionals to a language including the modal operators might and must. Specifically, we combine Cooper\u2019s truth-functional, trivalent analysis of the conditional connective with Kratzer\u2019s idea that if-clauses restrict modal operators. By hard-wiring both trivalence and the restriction operation into the truth conditions of conditional-modal expressions, we obtain an attractive theory that yields plausible predictions for the interaction of conditionals and modals, explains the intuitive appeal of the Restrictor View, and avoids the typical problems of Kratzer-style accounts, especially regarding the probability of conditional-modal expressions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jos\/ffag005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:59:26Z","timestamp":1785412766000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trivalent conditionals, Kratzer style"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"\u00c9gr\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRL Crossing , CNRS, 11 Victoria Drive, Adelaide ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Philosophy , ENS-PSL, 45 rue d'Ulm, Paris ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1932-5484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy and Education, University of Turin , Via Sant\u2019Ottavio 20, I-10124 Torino ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0083-9685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Sprenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy and Education, University of Turin , Via Sant\u2019Ottavio 20, I-10124 Torino ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1080\/00201746508601430","article-title":"The Logic of Conditionals","volume":"8","author":"Adams","year":"1965","journal-title":"Inquiry"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-7622-2","volume-title":"The Logic of Conditionals","author":"Adams","year":"1975"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref3","volume-title":"Entailment: the Logic of Relevance and Necessity","author":"Anderson","year":"1975"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1080\/13546783.2013.809018","article-title":"Uncertainty and the de Finetti tables","volume":"19","author":"Baratgin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thinking & Reasoning"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01479","article-title":"The psychology of uncertainty and three-valued truth tables","volume":"9","author":"Baratgin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/2214285","article-title":"Conditional assertion and restricted quantification","volume":"4","author":"Belnap","year":"1970","journal-title":"No\u00fbs"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref7","first-page":"48","article-title":"Restricted quantification and conditional assertion","volume-title":"Truth, Syntax and Modality","author":"Belnap","year":"1973"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1093\/analys\/64.2.95","article-title":"What one may come to know","volume":"64","author":"van Benthem","year":"2004","journal-title":"Analysis"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/fzu073","article-title":"Logic informed","volume":"123","author":"Bledin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mind"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.5840\/jphil201511225","article-title":"Modus Ponens defended","volume":"112","author":"Bledin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Philosophy"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref11","author":"Boylan","year":".."},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.12775\/LLP.2006.010","article-title":"The laws of non-bivalent probability","volume":"15","author":"Cantwell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Logic and Logical Philosophy"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.53437\/ampcx041","article-title":"Conditionals in selection semantics","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd Amsterdam Colloquium","author":"Cariani"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s10992-019-09528-6","article-title":"Indicative conditionals and graded information","volume":"49","author":"Ciardelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Philosophical Logic"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref15","first-page":"21","article-title":"Restriction without quantification: embedding and probability for indicative conditionals","volume":"8","author":"Ciardelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ergo"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s10988-021-09332-z","article-title":"The restrictor view, without covert modals","volume":"45","author":"Ciardelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Linguistics and Philosophy"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1080\/00201746808601531","article-title":"The propositional logic of ordinary discourse","volume":"11","author":"Cooper","year":"1968","journal-title":"Inquiry"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/fzt091","article-title":"Embedding epistemic modals","volume":"122","author":"Dorr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mind"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1109\/21.328930","article-title":"Conditional objects as nonmonotonic consequence relationships","volume":"24","author":"Dubois","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1215\/00318108-2366479","article-title":"Regularity and hyperreal credences","volume":"123","author":"Easwaran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Philosophical Review"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/104.414.235","article-title":"On Conditionals","volume":"104","author":"Edgington","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mind"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s11245-010-9087-y","article-title":"If-clauses and probability operators","volume":"30","author":"\u00c9gr\u00e9","year":"2011","journal-title":"Topoi"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref23","first-page":"10","article-title":"On the negation of indicative conditionals","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th Amsterdam Colloquium","author":"\u00c9gr\u00e9,"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1080\/00048402.2025.2475882","article-title":"Certain and uncertain inference with indicative conditionals","volume":"103","author":"\u00c9gr\u00e9","year":"2025","journal-title":"Australasian Journal of Philosophy"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref25","first-page":"119","article-title":"Trivalent Semantics for conditional obligations","volume-title":"Deontic Logic and Normative Systems. 17th International Conference, DEON 2025","author":"\u00c9gr\u00e9","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref26","author":"\u00c9gr\u00e9","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref27","article-title":"Probability for trivalent conditionals","author":"\u00c9gr\u00e9","year":"","journal-title":"Mind"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.5840\/icus11936454","article-title":"La logique de la probabilit\u00e9","volume-title":"Actes du congr\u00e8s international de philosophie scientifique","author":"de Finetti","year":"1936"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref29","volume-title":"Restrictions on Quantifier Domains","author":"von Fintel","year":"1994"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref30","first-page":"1515","article-title":"Conditionals","volume-title":"Semantics: An international handbook of meaning","author":"von Fintel","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s11050-010-9058-2","article-title":"Must... stay... strong!","volume":"18","author":"von Fintel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Natural Language Semantics"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0029-4624.2004.00485.x","article-title":"Epistemic conditionals and conditional epistemics","volume":"38","author":"Gillies","year":"2004","journal-title":"No\u00fbs"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1215\/00318108-2009-002","article-title":"On truth-conditions for if (but not quite only if)","volume":"118","author":"Gillies","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philosophical Review"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref34","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"Gillies","year":"2010","journal-title":"Iffiness. Semantics and Pragmatics"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/fzy076","article-title":"Generalized update semantics","volume":"128","author":"Goldstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mind"},{"issue":"33","key":"2026101411455840900_ref36","article-title":"Probability for epistemic modalities","volume":"21","author":"Goldstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Philosophers\u2019 Imprint"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s10988-020-09295-7","article-title":"Semantic expressivism for epistemic modals","volume":"44","author":"Hawke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Linguistics and Philosophy"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref38","first-page":"115","article-title":"How to unify restrictive and conditional if-clauses","volume-title":"Sixteenth Amsterdam Colloquium","author":"Huitink","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref39","author":"Huitink","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/fzac026","article-title":"Valid arguments as true conditionals","volume":"132","author":"Iacona","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mind"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref41","first-page":"1","article-title":"Possible and must","volume-title":"Syntax and Semantics","author":"Karttunen","year":"1972"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/fzy006","article-title":"Triviality results and the relationship between logical and natural languages","volume":"128","author":"Khoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mind"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00248849","article-title":"Partition and revision: the semantics of counterfactuals","volume":"10","author":"Kratzer","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Philosophical Logic"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Conditionals","volume":"22","author":"Kratzer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Chicago Linguistics Society"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199234684.001.0001","volume-title":"Modals and Conditionals. New and Revised Perspectives","author":"Kratzer","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref46","article-title":"Talking about (quasi-)higher-order uncertainty","volume-title":"Tokens of Meaning: Papers in Honor of Lauri Karttunen","author":"Lassiter","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref47","article-title":"The temporary-context theory of conditionals","author":"Lassiter","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref48","volume-title":"Counterfactuals","author":"Lewis","year":"1973"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511897696.003","article-title":"Adverbs of quantification","volume-title":"Formal Semantics of Natural Language","author":"Lewis","year":"1975"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.2307\/2184045","article-title":"Probabilities of conditionals and conditional probabilities","volume":"85","author":"Lewis","year":"1976","journal-title":"Philosophical Review"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1215\/00318108-7213001","article-title":"Bounded modality","volume":"128","author":"Mandelkern","year":"2019","journal-title":"Philosophical Review"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/phpr.12513","article-title":"Import-export and \u201cand","volume":"100","author":"Mandelkern","year":"2020","journal-title":"Philosophy and Phenomenological Research"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/2185762","article-title":"On the truth conditions of certain \u2018if\u2019-sentences","volume":"105","author":"McDermott","year":"1996","journal-title":"Philosophical Review"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.2307\/2026276","article-title":"A counterexample to Modus Ponens","volume":"82","author":"McGee","year":"1985","journal-title":"The Journal of Philosophy"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-86054-6_4","article-title":"Disjunctions of universal modals and conditionals","volume-title":"The Connectives in Logic and Language","author":"McHugh","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3765\/sp.8.5","article-title":"On the semantics and pragmatics of epistemic vocabulary","volume":"8","author":"Moss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semantics and Pragmatics"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198524496.001.0001","volume-title":"Bayesian Rationality","author":"Oaksford","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref58","first-page":"317","article-title":"On a new three-valued paraconsistent logic","volume":"3","author":"Olkhovikov","year":"2016","journal-title":"IFCoLog Journal of Logic and Applications"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref59","volume-title":"Wahrscheinlichkeitslehre","author":"Reichenbach","year":"1935"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref60","author":"Rossi","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0068.2010.00825.x","article-title":"Do indicative conditionals express propositions?","volume":"47","author":"Rothschild","year":"2013","journal-title":"No\u00fbs"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/fzaa101","article-title":"Path semantics for indicative conditionals","volume":"131","author":"Santorio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mind"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.3765\/elm.2.5377","volume":"2","author":"Santorio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Experiments in Linguistic Meaning"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/fzu144","article-title":"Counterfactuals and arbitrariness","volume":"123","author":"Schulz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mind"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02379021","article-title":"Indicative conditionals","volume":"5","author":"Stalnaker","year":"1975","journal-title":"Philosophia"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref66","first-page":"315","article-title":"Assertion","volume":"9","author":"Stalnaker","year":"1978","journal-title":"Syntax and Semantics (New York Academic Press)"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1007\/s10992-013-9300-8","article-title":"A uniform theory of conditionals","volume":"43","author":"Starr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Philosophical Logic"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.5840\/jphil20181151135","article-title":"Two sides of Modus Ponens","volume":"115","author":"Stern","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Philosophy"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref69","first-page":"179","article-title":"Coreference and modality","volume-title":"The handbook of contemporary semantic theory","author":"Stokhof","year":"1996"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00248150","article-title":"Defaults in update semantics","volume":"25","author":"Veltman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Philosophical Logic"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref71","first-page":"248","article-title":"Probability and nonclassical logic","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Probability and Philosophy","author":"Williams","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/fzm983","article-title":"Epistemic modals","volume":"116","author":"Yalcin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mind"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/s10992-012-9228-4","article-title":"A counterexample to Modus Tollens","volume":"41","author":"Yalcin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Philosophical Logic"},{"key":"2026101411455840900_ref74","article-title":"The scopelessness of indicatives","author":"Yalcin","year":"2025"}],"container-title":["Journal of Semantics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jos\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jos\/ffag005\/71947623\/ffag005.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jos\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jos\/ffag005\/71947623\/ffag005.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T15:46:18Z","timestamp":1791992778000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jos\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/jos\/ffag005\/8916534"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"references-count":74,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jos\/ffag005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-5133","1477-4593"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-5133","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-4593","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"article-number":"ffag005"}}