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Here, we explain and quantify the PWFS theoretical limits as a means to highlight its properties and applications. We explore forward models for the PWFS in the spatial-frequency domain: these prove useful because (i) they emanate directly from physical-optics (Fourier) diffraction theory; (ii) they provide a straightforward path to meaningful error breakdowns; (iii) they allow for reconstruction algorithms with $O (n\\, \\log(n))$ complexity for large-scale systems; and (iv) they tie in seamlessly with decoupled (distributed) optimal predictive dynamic control for performance and contrast optimization. All these aspects are dealt with here. We focus on recent analytical PWFS developments and demonstrate the performance using both analytic and end-to-end simulations. We anchor our estimates on observed on-sky contrast on existing systems, and then show very good agreement between analytical and Monte Carlo performance estimates on AO systems featuring the PWFS. For a potential upgrade of existing high-contrast imagers on 10-m-class telescopes with visible or near-infrared PWFSs, we show, under median conditions at Paranal, a contrast improvement (limited by chromatic and scintillation effects) of 2\u00d7\u20135\u00d7 when just replacing the wavefront sensor at large separations close to the AO control radius where aliasing dominates, and of factors in excess of 10\u00d7 by coupling distributed control with the PWFS over most of the AO control region, from small separations starting with an inner working angle of typically 1\u20132 \u03bb\/D to the AO correction edge (here 20 \u03bb\/D).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/staa843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]],"date-time":"2020-03-27T12:09:21Z","timestamp":1585310961000},"page":"4380-4391","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Performance limits of adaptive-optics\/high-contrast imagers with pyramid wavefront sensors"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"495","author":[{"given":"Carlos M","family":"Correia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"WM Keck Observatory, 65-1120 Mamalahoa Hwy, Kamuela, HI 96743, USA"},{"name":"Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Fauvarque","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France"}]},{"given":"Charlotte Z","family":"Bond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"WM Keck Observatory, 65-1120 Mamalahoa Hwy, Kamuela, HI 96743, USA"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Chambouleyron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France"}]},{"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Sauvage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France"},{"name":"ONERA, 29 avenue de la division Leclerc, 92322 Chatillon, France"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Fusco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France"},{"name":"ONERA, 29 avenue de la division Leclerc, 92322 Chatillon, France"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020060911143229100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385861-0.00001-4","volume":"165","author":"Baddour","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. 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