{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T18:07:45Z","timestamp":1774980465351,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000271","name":"Science and Technology Facilities Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ST\/M000966\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST\/M000966\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006136","name":"Fuel Cell Technologies Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04434\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04434\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006136","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006136","name":"Fuel Cell Technologies Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04434\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04434\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006136","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>We estimate the intracluster light (ICL) component within a sample of 18 clusters detected in the XMM Cluster Survey (XCS) data using the deep (\u223c26.8 mag) Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Programme data release 1 i-band data. We apply a rest-frame \u03bcB\u00a0= 25\u2009mag\u2009arcsec\u22122 isophotal threshold to our clusters, below which we define light as the ICL within an aperture of RX,500 (X-ray estimate of R500) centred on the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG). After applying careful masking and corrections for flux losses from background subtraction, we recover \u223c20\u00a0per\u00a0cent of the ICL flux, approximately four times our estimate of the typical background at the same isophotal level (${\\sim}5{{\\ \\rm per\\ cent}}$). We find that the ICL makes up about ${\\sim}24{{\\ \\rm per\\ cent}}$ of the total cluster stellar mass on average (\u223c41\u00a0per\u00a0cent including the flux contained in the BCG within 50\u00a0kpc); this value is well matched with other observational studies and semi-analytic\/numerical simulations, but is significantly smaller than results from recent hydrodynamical simulations (even when measured in an observationally consistent way). We find no evidence for any links between the amount of ICL flux with cluster mass, but find a growth rate of 2\u20134 for the ICL between 0.1 &amp;lt; z &amp;lt; 0.5. We conclude that the ICL is the dominant evolutionary component of stellar mass in clusters from z\u00a0\u223c 1. Our work highlights the need for a consistent approach when measuring ICL alongside the need for deeper imaging, in order to unambiguously measure the ICL across as broad a redshift range as possible (e.g. 10-yr stacked imaging from the Vera C. Rubin Observatory).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stab065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,9]],"date-time":"2021-01-09T16:47:14Z","timestamp":1610210834000},"page":"2419-2437","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["The growth of intracluster light in XCS-HSC galaxy clusters from 0.1 &amp;lt; <i>z<\/i> &amp;lt; 0.5"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"502","author":[{"given":"Kate E","family":"Furnell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, IC2, Liverpool Science Park, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK"}]},{"given":"Chris A","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, IC2, Liverpool Science Park, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9395-4759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lee S","family":"Kelvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, IC2, Liverpool Science Park, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK"},{"name":"Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, 4 Ivy Ln, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0719-9385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan K","family":"Baldry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, IC2, Liverpool Science Park, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK"}]},{"given":"Phil A","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, IC2, Liverpool Science Park, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9501-8534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Manolopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK"}]},{"given":"Robert G","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK"}]},{"given":"Paul A","family":"Giles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Bermeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Hilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astrophysics Research Centre, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa"},{"name":"School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa"}]},{"given":"Reese","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK"}]},{"given":"A Kathy","family":"Romer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Vergara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK"}]},{"given":"Sunayana","family":"Bhargava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1679-9983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John P","family":"Stott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Mayers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Viana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica e Ci\u00eancias do Espa\u00e7o, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, P-4150-762 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1086\/190036","volume":"3","author":"Abell","year":"1958","journal-title":"ApJS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1093\/pasj\/psx066","volume":"70","author":"Aihara","year":"2018","journal-title":"PASJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1093\/pasj\/psx081","volume":"70","author":"Aihara","year":"2018","journal-title":"PASJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1093\/pasj\/psz103","volume":"71","author":"Aihara","year":"2019","journal-title":"PASJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4365\/aa8992","volume":"233","author":"Albareti","year":"2017","journal-title":"ApJS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2010.16856.x","volume":"407","author":"Andreon","year":"2010","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361:20052856","volume":"441","author":"Arnaud","year":"2005","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12036-009-0001-1","volume":"30","author":"Barai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Astrophys. Astron."},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stx1647","volume":"471","author":"Barnes","year":"2017","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1086\/507302","volume":"132","author":"Beckwith","year":"2006","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1086\/115487","volume":"100","author":"Beers","year":"1990","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stt1607","volume":"436","author":"Bernardi","year":"2013","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stu1106","volume":"443","author":"Bernardi","year":"2014","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stx677","volume":"468","author":"Bernardi","year":"2017","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib15","first-page":"422","volume":"80","author":"Bertin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mem. Soc. Astron. Ital."},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib16","author":"Bertin","year":"2013","journal-title":"PSFEx: Point Spread Function Extractor, Astrophysics Source Code Library"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2011.19523.x","volume":"418","author":"Bonafede","year":"2011","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A133","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201834312","volume":"621","author":"Borlaff","year":"2019","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1093\/pasj\/psx080","volume":"70","author":"Bosch","year":"2018","journal-title":"PASJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib20","author":"Brough","year":"2020"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-8711.2003.06897.x","volume":"344","author":"Bruzual","year":"2003","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2856","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stt1192","volume":"434","author":"Burke","year":"2013","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2012.21555.x","volume":"425","author":"Burke","year":"2012","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stv450","volume":"449","author":"Burke","year":"2015","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1086\/376392","volume":"115","author":"Chabrier","year":"2003","journal-title":"PASP"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib26","author":"Chambers","year":"2016"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib27","first-page":"99","volume":"249","author":"Ciotti","year":"1991","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-8711.2001.04902.x","volume":"328","author":"Colless","year":"2001","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07865","volume":"458","author":"Collins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3787","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stt2174","volume":"437","author":"Contini","year":"2014","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1093\/pasj\/psx047","volume":"70","author":"Coupon","year":"2018","journal-title":"PASJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stt1940","volume":"437","author":"Cui","year":"2014","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2005.09641.x","volume":"364","author":"Da\u00a0Rocha","year":"2005","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2008.13500.x","volume":"388","author":"Da\u00a0Rocha","year":"2008","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10686-012-9306-1","volume":"35","author":"de\u00a0Jong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Astron."},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2006.11287.x","volume":"375","author":"De\u00a0Lucia","year":"2007","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stv033","volume":"448","author":"DeMaio","year":"2015","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stx2946","volume":"474","author":"DeMaio","year":"2018","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2010.16583.x","volume":"405","author":"Dolag","year":"2010","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1088\/0067-0049\/195\/2\/15","volume":"195","author":"Donzelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"ApJS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stu2019","volume":"446","author":"Duc","year":"2015","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A34","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201935673","volume":"628","author":"Ellien","year":"2019","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A175","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201935375","volume":"631","author":"Erfanianfar","year":"2019","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3121","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217751X05025917","volume":"20","author":"Flaugher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Mod. Phys. A"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4952","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/sty991","volume":"478","author":"Furnell","year":"2018","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A1","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201629272","volume":"595","author":"Gaia Collaboration","year":"2016","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A1","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201833051","volume":"616","author":"Gaia Collaboration","year":"2018","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stw2621","volume":"465","author":"Giles","year":"2017","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1086\/425896","volume":"618","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2005","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1086\/519729","volume":"666","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2007","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/778\/1\/14","volume":"778","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2013","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2009.14739.x","volume":"396","author":"Guglielmetti","year":"2009","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/151605","volume":"176","author":"Gunn","year":"1972","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2009.15223.x","volume":"398","author":"Guo","year":"2009","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A108","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201321489","volume":"566","author":"Guzzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stx2084","volume":"472","author":"Harvey","year":"2017","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2010.17538.x","volume":"410","author":"Hatch","year":"2011","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2009.16151.x","volume":"403","author":"Henriques","year":"2010","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4365\/aaa6cb","volume":"235","author":"Hilton","year":"2018","journal-title":"ApJS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3851","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stx940","volume":"469","author":"Hood","year":"2017","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1086\/345846","volume":"584","author":"Hu","year":"2003","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1093\/pasj\/psx126","volume":"70","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"PASJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3348","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stx3200","volume":"475","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5317","DOI":"10.3847\/2515-5172\/abacba","volume":"491","author":"Infante-Sainz","year":"2020","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3847\/0004-637X\/820\/1\/42","volume":"820","author":"Iodice","year":"2016","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib65","author":"Ivezic","year":"2008"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L1","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361:20000036","volume":"365","author":"Jansen","year":"2001","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/226.4.747","volume":"226","author":"Jedrzejewski","year":"1987","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib70","volume-title":"Proc. 29th IAU General Assembly","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Teja","year":"2015"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/aab70f","volume":"857","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Teja","year":"2018","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A183","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201833547","volume":"622","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Teja","year":"2019","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A48","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201015441","volume":"523","author":"Jordi","year":"2010","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1017\/S174392131401285X","author":"Juri\u0107","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. IAU Vol. 10, Highlights H16: Highlights of Astronomy"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2012.20355.x","volume":"421","author":"Kelvin","year":"2012","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2702","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stx1182","volume":"470","author":"Koposov","year":"2017","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib75","first-page":"177.14","volume-title":"American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts","author":"Krick","year":"2005"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1086\/518787","volume":"134","author":"Krick","year":"2007","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1086\/190669","volume":"43","author":"Kron","year":"1980","journal-title":"ApJS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stt912","volume":"435","author":"Laporte","year":"2013","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1086\/519229","volume":"664","author":"Lauer","year":"2007","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1086\/425412","volume":"617","author":"Lin","year":"2004","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2011.19117.x","volume":"418","author":"Lloyd-Davies","year":"2011","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/837\/1\/97","volume":"837","author":"Lotz","year":"2017","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib83","first-page":"269","volume-title":"ASP Conf. Ser. Vol. 238, Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems X","author":"Lupton","year":"2001"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/sty377","volume":"476","author":"McCarthy","year":"2018","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/767\/2\/116","volume":"767","author":"Mahdavi","year":"2013","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1086\/666502","volume":"124","author":"Mancone","year":"2012","journal-title":"PASP"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2012.20931.x","volume":"423","author":"Mehrtens","year":"2012","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib88","author":"Montes","year":"2019"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/794\/2\/137","volume":"794","author":"Montes","year":"2014","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stx2847","volume":"474","author":"Montes","year":"2018","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2838","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/sty2858","volume":"482","author":"Montes","year":"2019","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/aa8403","volume":"846","author":"Morishita","year":"2017","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2007.11568.x","volume":"377","author":"Murante","year":"2007","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1086\/177173","volume":"462","author":"Navarro","year":"1996","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1088\/0067-0049\/208\/1\/5","volume":"208","author":"Newman","year":"2013","journal-title":"ApJS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/765\/1\/25","volume":"765","author":"Newman","year":"2013","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-6256\/139\/6\/2097","volume":"139","author":"Peng","year":"2010","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1088\/0067-0049\/199\/2\/25","volume":"199","author":"Postman","year":"2012","journal-title":"ApJS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A126","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201323251","volume":"565","author":"Presotto","year":"2014","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2010.16786.x","volume":"406","author":"Puchwein","year":"2010","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/sty1639","volume":"479","author":"Ragone-Figueroa","year":"2018","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A42","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201936111","volume":"644","author":"Rom\u00e1n","year":"2020","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1086\/318382","volume":"547","author":"Romer","year":"2001","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/732\/1\/48","volume":"732","author":"Rudick","year":"2011","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/516585","volume":"172","author":"Scoville","year":"2007","journal-title":"ApJS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2007.11899.x","volume":"378","author":"Seigar","year":"2007","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/800\/2\/122","volume":"800","author":"Shan","year":"2015","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1086\/648457","volume":"121","author":"Slater","year":"2009","journal-title":"PASP"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/aad6e9","volume":"864","author":"Spavone","year":"2018","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03597","volume":"435","author":"Springel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/718\/1\/23","volume":"718","author":"Stott","year":"2010","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/aabd78","volume":"859","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2011.18423.x","volume":"414","author":"Toledo","year":"2011","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3847\/0004-637X\/823\/2\/123","volume":"823","author":"Trujillo","year":"2016","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1086\/169737","volume":"369","author":"Uson","year":"1991","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2008.13324.x","volume":"387","author":"Whiley","year":"2008","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2004.08312.x","volume":"355","author":"Willman","year":"2004","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1086\/301513","volume":"120","author":"York","year":"2000","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib120","first-page":"48.15","volume-title":"American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts","author":"Zacharias","year":"2004"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ab0dfd","volume":"874","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2530","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stv190","volume":"448","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4444","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stv1940","volume":"453","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2005.08817.x","volume":"358","author":"Zibetti","year":"2005","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1086\/143864","volume":"86","author":"Zwicky","year":"1937","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"2022021411243891300_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1086\/126484","volume":"64","author":"Zwicky","year":"1952","journal-title":"PASP"}],"container-title":["Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mnras\/article-pdf\/502\/2\/2419\/42514650\/stab065.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mnras\/article-pdf\/502\/2\/2419\/42514650\/stab065.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T12:19:31Z","timestamp":1644841171000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mnras\/article\/502\/2\/2419\/6081050"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mnras\/stab065","relation":{},"ISSN":["0035-8711","1365-2966"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0035-8711","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2966","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]}}}