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XLS-z2 is a deep spectroscopic survey of 35 Lyman\u00a0\u03b1 emitters (LAEs) utilizing \u224890\u00a0h of exposure time with Very Large Telescope\/X-SHOOTER and covers rest-frame Ly\u00a0\u03b1 to H\u00a0\u03b1 emission with R\u00a0\u2248\u00a04000. We present the sample selection, the observations, and the data reduction. Systemic redshifts are measured from rest-frame optical lines for 33\/35 sources. In the stacked spectrum, our LAEs are characterized by an interstellar medium with little dust, a low metallicity, and a high ionization state. The ionizing sources are young hot stars that power strong emission lines in the optical and high-ionization lines in the ultraviolet (UV). The LAEs exhibit clumpy UV morphologies and have outflowing kinematics with blueshifted Si\u2009ii absorption, a broad [O\u2009iii] component, and a red-skewed Ly\u00a0\u03b1 line. Typically, 30\u00a0per\u00a0cent of the Ly\u00a0\u03b1 photons escape, of which one quarter on the blue side of the systemic velocity. A fraction of Ly\u00a0\u03b1 photons escape directly at the systemic suggesting clear channels enabling an \u224810\u00a0per\u00a0cent escape of ionizing photons, consistent with an inference based on Mg\u2009ii. A combination of a low effective H\u2009i column density, a low dust content, and young starburst determines whether a star-forming galaxy is observed as an LAE. The first is possibly related to outflows and\/or a fortunate viewing angle, while we find that the latter two in LAEs are typical for their stellar mass of 109 M\u2299.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stab1304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]],"date-time":"2021-05-07T04:31:44Z","timestamp":1620361904000},"page":"1382-1412","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["The X-SHOOTER Lyman\u00a0\u03b1 survey at <i>z<\/i> = 2 (XLS-<i>z<\/i>2) I: what makes a galaxy a Lyman\u00a0\u03b1 emitter?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"505","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2871-127X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorryt","family":"Matthee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, ETH Z\u00fcrich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, CH-8093 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Sobral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8587-218X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stockholm University, Department of Astronomy and Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0736-7879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Pezzulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Landleven 12, NL-9747 AD Groningen, the Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2491-060X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Max","family":"Gronke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics & Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg Center, 3400\u00a0N. 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